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Power and Energy Systems

The Centre for Power and Energy Systems (CPES) is a global reference in the large-scale integration of renewable-based electricity generation into the power system.


We research and develop advanced solutions that enable the monitoring, control, optimisation, and forecasting of electricity production and consumption, as well as multi-energy systems. Our work supports the decarbonisation of the energy system, the electrification of society, and the large-scale integration of renewables, making power grids more flexible, intelligent, and resilient.


Our research results include models, methodologies, hardware, and software (much of it open source) designed for various energy sector stakeholders, including citizens, communities, service providers, system operators, regulators, policy-makers, and governmental bodies.


We operate a Smart Grids and Electric Vehicles Laboratory – the X-Energy Lab (link) – where we validate technological advancements in real-world conditions, ensuring that our solutions have a tangible impact on the energy sector.


Thanks to our expertise, we hold a prominent role in both national and international projects supporting the energy transition, while also providing direct services to key players in the electricity sector.

news
Power and Energy Systems

INESC TEC researcher Tiago Pintado won the best master's thesis award by the Ordem dos Engenheiros

How can an energy community be planned so that it not only enables the members to share energy, but also provides services to the power grid while increasing economic benefits? This was the question at the heart of Advanced Optimization Models for Planning Energy Communities with Integrated Flexibility Market Support, the master's thesis by Tiago Pintado - which received the Master's Award, presented by the Ordem dos Engenheiros – Região Norte.

21st July 2026

Power and Energy Systems

INESC TEC developed sustainable AI solutions for energy and e-mobility

How can we make better use of energy resources? Over the past three years, INESC TEC set out to answer this question through the European GREEN.DAT.AI project, developing tools that combine Artificial Intelligence (AI), secure data sharing and distributed computing.

16th July 2026

Power and Energy Systems

INESC TEC contributed to European position paper calling for stronger FP10 support for energy systems

INESC TEC, together with 26 other organisations, published a position paper calling on the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Member States to reinforce support for collaborative research, development and innovation (R&D&I) programmes focused on power system components and grid optimisation technologies. The position paper Securing Europe's Electrified Future through RD&I in Electric Power System Components is available as an open-access publication (here) and has been endorsed by the EERA Joint Programme Smart Grids, featuring INESC TEC is a member.

08th July 2026

Power and Energy Systems

Filipe Azevedo publishes book dedicated to the challenges of high-voltage power grids

Electrical systems are facing unprecedented challenges today, and high-voltage engineering plays a central role in ensuring the reliability, safety and efficiency of power grids. The new book by INESC TEC researcher Filipe Azevedo, High Voltage Engineering: Theory, Systems, and Practice, gathers theoretical foundations and practical applications in an area that is critical to the energy transition.

19th June 2026

Power and Energy Systems

INESC TEC's open-source software in the energy domain gains a European dimension

From the operation of electricity grids to the forecasting of renewable energy production, through the interoperability of distributed energy resources and demand-side flexibility, INESC TEC has been strengthening its commitment to developing open-source solutions for the energy sector. Currently, three open-source projects are part of the Linux Foundation Energy ecosystem — one of the most relevant international communities dedicated to the development of open-source software for energy systems — whilst a fourth technological output is already being used by the Elia Group, operator of the electricity systems in Belgium and Germany.  

17th June 2026

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Featured Projects

Subestacoes_LAV

IP_SST_LAV

2026-2026

ContrTensaoRNT

Controlo de Tensão RNT

2026-2026

EMPEDOFLEX

EMpowering Positive Energy District Optimal FLEXibility provision

2025-2028

SOLAR_MOVE

SOLAR Photovoltaic to MOVE for Systems Integration

2025-2029

PVSmile

Digitalizing the Lifecycle of Community-Integrated PV Systems for Smart Grid-Ready and Inclusive Energy Communities

2025-2028

PredicoSupportV2

Collaborative Forecasting Platform for ELIA – New UI functionalities

2025-2026

SMAR3TS

Staff Mobility to Action Resilient, Restorative, and Regenerative Transitions & Societies

2025-2029

BLACK_START_EAU

Study for Black Start Units and preparation of Blackout Restoration Plan

2025-2026

EstudosGAT

Termos de Referência para Estudos Técnicos para o Reforço da Segurança e Flexibilidade do Sistema Elétrico Nacional e Estratégia Nacional para o Armazenamento de Energia

2025-2026

RIFF

Research Infrastructures for the Future of Ukraine: Roadmap for Sustained Growth and Recovery

2025-2028

GridNode_Bridge

Design, development and testing of Dynamic System Rating under BRIDGE Project

2025-2026

TariffRAM

Definição de tarifas a aplicar aos parques eólicos da RAM

2025-2026

FCR_HIDRICA

Acompanhamento técnico para a prestação de serviço de reserva de Contenção de frequência de uma Central Hídrica

2025-2026

BorbaLosses

Metodologia para determinar a faturação de energia ativa e reativa da central PV de Santas – Borba

2025-2026

GENESIS

Explainable Generative Models for Synthetic Local Electricity Market Data

2025-2028

Perfis_Perdas_2026

Determinação de Perfis de Perdas e de Fatores de Ajustamento para Perdas para 2026

2025-2026

Morgado_Arge_Statcom

Avaliação de Conformidade da Central Fotovoltaica de Morgado de Arge com Integração de STATCOM

2025-2025

SYSTEMEU

Fostering Systemic Innovation and Digital transformation across European innovation ecosystems

2025-2029

INSIEME

Integrated Network for data Space and Interoperable Energy Management in Europe

2025-2028

Hibrid_Douro

Avaliação do cumprimento do código de rede do projeto de hibridização do parque eólico do Alto Douro

2025-2026

Hibrid_Raia

Avaliação do cumprimento do código de rede do projeto de hibridização do parque eólico de Raia

2025-2026

ImpacDinUPACs

Estudo de comportamento dinâmico da rede elétrica da fábrica de Estarreja da Bondalti

2025-2026

PredicoSolar

Collaborative Forecasting Platform for ELIA – New functionalities and Solar Forecasting

2025-2025

PV_Alcoutim

Estudo de avaliação da capacidade de potência reativa do parque solar fotovoltaico de Alcoutim

2025-2025

RACp

Análise do impacto do Autoconsumo Coletivo nas perdas da rede de distribuição

2025-2026

Impacto_Invest

Formação e supervisão de estudos sobre análise do impacto do investimento nos índices de qualidade da rede de distribuição da ilha da Madeira

2024-2025

ECHO

Energy Communities excellence Hubs: catalyzing energy innOvation ecosystems

2024-2028

COSMIC

Combined AI and Data Solutions for Large Scale Resource Optimization with Green Deal Impact

2024-2027

REATIVA_MINHO

Estudo de otimização de potência reativa do Parque Eólico do Alto Minho I

2024-2026

AEROSUB

Automated Inspection Robots for Surface, Aerial and Underwater Substructures

2024-2028

GridNode_Automation

Design, development and testing of advanced grid automation and control functionalities

2024-2026

EnerTEF

Common European-scale Energy Artificial Intelligence Federated Testing and Experimentation Facility

2024-2027

AI_EFFECT

Artificial Intelligence Experimentation Facility For the Energy seCTor

2024-2027

HYNET

PAN-EUROPEAN INTEROPERABLE AC-DC HYBRID ELECTRICITY NETWORKS

2024-2027

STORHY

STOR-HY: Innovative Storage Technology and Operations in Hydropower

2024-2028

DynaMarket

CTGE - Advanced Consulting Services - Power Market Analysis in Iberia

2024-2026

SERVSIS_VE

Potencial de prestação de serviços de reserva operacional ao SEN por Veículos Elétrico

2024-2026

CapRecep4NewRES

Evaluation of the reception capacities for new renewable power sources to be connected to the Portuguese transmission grid

2024-2026

ORION

Novel digital components for international renewable energy value chains

2024-2027

ELFOS_resampled

Melhorias do serviço de previsão do consumo de energia elétrica

2024-2025

RECreation

RECreation: platform for the management of energy communities

2024-2027

PROBONO

Integration of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) as cold storage in Commercial cold Facilities

2024-2026

PS_MORA_TRAINING

Capacitação de Utilizadores da Ferramenta PS-MORA Versão Processador Único

2024-2024

ColabForecast

Collaborative Forecasting Platform

2024-2024

DesCFoodTec2050

Roteiro e Manuais Setoriais E Identificação dos principais vetores de descarbonização e das principais tecnologias de descarbonização disponíveis - Vertente "Digitalização"

2024-2025

VRE_MZ

Promove Energia I - Project Preparation Facility Energy Resource Centre – Technical Assistance

2024-2025

DesCFoodScenarios

caracterização dos processos produtivos e tecnologias usadas pelas empresas, previsão da evolução de consumos no setor agroalimentar (consumo energético e emissão GEE) e definição de roteiros setoriais para a neutralidade carbónica, no âmbito do Projeto“

2024-2025

DesCFoodRoteiro2050

Definição de propostas de trajetórias custo-eficazes de reduções de emissões de GEE do setor agroalimentar

2024-2025

TwinEU

Digital Twin for Europe

2024-2026

SMHYLES

Safe, sustainable and Modular HYbrid systems for Long-duration Energy storage and grid Services

2024-2027

EULAC ENERGYTRAN

EULAC FOR ENERGY TRANSITION: RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES COOPERATION FOR ENERGY TRANSITION BETWEEN EUROPE AND LATINAMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES

2024-2025

HEDGE_IoT

Holistic Approach towards Empowerment of the DiGitalization of the Energy Ecosystem through adoption of IoT solutions

2024-2027

AI4REALNET

AI for REAL-world NETwork operation

2023-2027

RAM_PLAN_GREEN_PORT

Estudos no âmbito do sistema elétrico das ilhas da Madeira e do Porto Santo

2023-2025

TALOS

roboTics and Artificial intelligence Living labs improving Operations in PV Scenarios

2023-2026

ENFIELD

European Lighthouse to Manifest Trustworthy and Green AI

2023-2026

ENPOWER

Energy Activated Citizens and Data-Driven Energy-Secure Communities for a Consumer-Centric Energy System

2023-2026

ConnectH2

Identification of potential network connections and services, and related licensing steps for the Renewable Hydrogen Plant in Minas de São Domingos

2023-2026

GridNode

Grid Node - Advanced grid automation and control

2023-2026

SmartAmmonia

Technical-economic feasibility study for an energy hub with H2 production for ammonia synthesis

2023-2025

ELFOS_evolved

Melhorias do serviço de previsão do consumo de energia elétrica

2023-2024

CleanEnergy4EUIslands2

Clean Energy for EU Islands II

2023-2027

Tools4AgriEnergy-LA11.1

Fomento da eficiência energética e instalação de unidades de produção para o autoconsumo, individual, coletivo ou em contexto de comunidade de energia renovável (3.3.1) - LA 11.1

2023-2025

iSTENTORE

innovative Energy Storage TEchnologies TOwards increased Renewables integration and Efficient Operation

2023-2026

ATE

Alliance for Energy Transition

2023-2026

Green_Dat_AI

Energy-efficient AI-ready Data Spaces

2023-2025

SINNOGENES

SINNOGENES: STORAGE INNOVATIONS FOR GREEN ENERGY SYSTEMS

2023-2026

NGS

Agenda Mobilizadora das Baterias

2023-2026

InterStore

Interoperable open-source tools to enable hybridisation, utilisation, and monetisation of storage flexibility

2023-2025

Every1

Enable eVeryone's Engagemet in the eneRgY transitiON

2022-2026

VINE_WINE_PT

Vine and Wine Portugal - Driving Sustainable Growth Through Smart Innovation

2022-2026

H2DRIVEN

H2 como vetor de metanol verde para indústria química e mobilidade pesada

2022-2026

NEXUS

Innovation Pact - Digital and Green Transition

2022-2026

DIGITALbuilt

Digital Innovation Hub Construction

2022-2025

BeFlexible

Boosting engagement to increase flexibility

2022-2026

ECOVALE

Ações para a eficiência energética e para a mitigação da pobreza energética

2022-2026

BioShoes4All

Projeto Integrado BioShoes4All

2022-2026

ENERSHARE

European commoN EneRgy dataSpace framework enabling data sHaring-driven Across- and beyond- eneRgy sErvices

2022-2025

RN21

Projeto integrado Resina Natural 21

2022-2026

MAGPIE

sMArt Green Ports as Integrated Efficient multimodal hubs

2021-2026

Fin_Losses

Metodologia para determinar a faturação de energia ativa e reativa em parques eólicos

2021-2026

EUSCORES

EUropean - Scalable and Complementary Offshore Renewable Energy Sources

2021-2027

iELFOS

Melhoria do erro de previsão do consumo de energia elétrica

2021-2022

MORADIST

PS-MORA Arquitetura distribuída

2021-2026

Redes_GasRenov

Desenvolvimento de Metodologias para Apoio à Gestão Operacional das Redes de Gás com Incorporação de Gases Renováveis

2021-2027

iiLab

Ampliação da Infraestrutura Tecnológica do INESC TEC para a Transformação Digital da Indústria

2020-2023

ATTEST

Advanced Tools Towards cost-efficient decarbonisation of future reliable Energy SysTems

2020-2023

Smart4RES

Next Generation Modelling and Forecasting of Variable Renewable Generation for Large-scale Integration in Energy Systems and Markets

2019-2023

InterConnect

Interoperable Solutions Connecting Smart Homes, Buildings and Grids

2019-2024

POCITYF

A POsitive Energy CITY Transformation Framework

2019-2026

XFLEX_HIDRO

Hydropower Extending Power System Flexibility

2019-2024

LPVAnalytics

Desenvolvimento de Produto de previsão do consumo de energia eléctrica do portfolio de clientes e da produção fotovoltaica

2018-2020

EFACEC-DMS

Advanced Modules for DMS (Distribution Management Systems)

2001-2024

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Publications

CPES Publications

View all Publications

2026

A Power-Conditioned Pricing Electricity Tariff to Restore Consumption Incentives under Revenue Neutrality

Authors
Fidalgo, JNM; Saraiva, J;

Publication

Abstract
Current residential electricity tariffs often combine a flat energy price with a fixed charge linked to contracted power, resulting in electricity bills that are weakly responsive to changes in consumption. This lack of proportionality reduces incentives for energy savings and may undermine demand-side efficiency.This paper proposes a novel Power-Conditioned Pricing (PCP) tariff, in which unit energy prices depend on the power level at which electricity is consumed. By associating higher prices with higher consumption intensity, the proposed tariff introduces progressivity while preserving transparency and regulatory feasibility. The tariff is calibrated to ensure revenue neutrality with respect to the current tariff for each contracted power level.Two complementary calibration strategies are analysed: a profile-based approach using representative regulatory load profiles, and an empirical approach based on statistical distributions derived from real consumer data. To assess consumer responsiveness, electricity bills are evaluated under both vertical and horizontal consumption adjustment models.Results show that bill elasticity increases from values between 0.43–0.73 under the current tariff to values close to unity under PCP, while maintaining revenue neutrality across contracted power levels. These findings suggest that power-conditioned pricing constitutes a promising alternative to current residential tariff structures, better aligned with energy-efficiency and conservation objectives.

2026

Co-optimizing energy and reserve interconnection capacity in coupled EU electricity markets

Authors
de Oliveira, AR; Martinez, SD; Villar, J; Saraiva, JT; Campos, FA;

Publication
ENERGY

Abstract
The European Union Internal Electricity Market is undergoing major reforms to support the transition to a fully decarbonized energy system by 2050, where non-dispatchable renewable energy sources play a central role. To enhance market efficiency, renewable energy sources integration, and power system balancing, the European Union promotes increased cross-border interconnection and cooperation among Member States. This paper reviews existing literature and market models addressing multi-zone interconnection capacity allocation and proposes a novel inter-zonal co-optimization mechanism for the joint allocation of energy and automatic balancing reserve capacity based on system cost minimization. Unlike previous approaches that treat energy and reserve coordination separately or sequentially, this study introduces a unified optimization framework that captures the interdependencies of intra-and inter-zonal dispatch. The proposed mechanism is implemented within the CEVESA market model and applied to a realistic Iberian case study, assessing its economic and operational impacts under varying interconnection capacity scenarios. Results show that while energy coordination alone achieves significant cost reductions, joint coordination of energy and reserves delivers further efficiency gains, reduces reserve price volatility, and enhances cross-border system flexibility.

2026

Low ripple adaptive lead lag current controlled interleaved buck converter for PEM hydrogen electrolyzers

Authors
Elhawash, AM; Hussein, AS; Araújo, RE; Lopes, JAP;

Publication
CONTROL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Abstract
The polarization curve characteristics of proton exchange membrane (PEM) hydrogen electrolyzers lead to large variations in the equivalent load impedance over the operating current range. This results in a varying closed-loop system time response when traditional fixed-gain PI controllers are employed. In this work, the design and experimental validation of a 3-phase interleaved buck converter controlled via a proposed adaptive lead-lag current control strategy for a PEM hydrogen electrolyzer load is presented. The incremental load conductance method is used to obtain a control-oriented model of the converter-electrolyzer system, enabling real-time calculation of controller parameters via pole-zero cancellation and user-specified transient performance. A laboratory prototype is implemented to experimentally verify the approach under step-load changes, ramp-load changes, and 50% input voltage sag conditions. The results show less than 1% current ripple, identical transient performance over the entire operating range, and improved disturbance ride-through performance compared to a traditional PI controller. The proposed approach offers a viable and robust control solution for high-current PEM electrolyzer applications.

2026

Degradation-Aware Planning of Shared Battery Energy Storage Systems for Coordinated Transmission and Distribution System Operation

Authors
Simões, M; Peças Lopes, J; Soares, FJ;

Publication

Abstract
Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) are an important source of flexibility in power systems with high penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs). When installed at transmission-distribution interface nodes, shared ESSs can support both Transmission System Operators (TSOs) and Distribution System Operators (DSOs), but their long-term planning remains challenging because investment decisions depend on coordinated operation under uncertainty and battery degradation over time. This paper proposes a degradation-aware planning framework for shared battery ESSs in coordinated TSO-DSO operation. The problem is formulated as a bi-level stochastic optimization model in which the upper level determines siting, sizing, and staged investment decisions under investment-cost uncertainty, while the lower level evaluates these decisions through coordinated system operation. To preserve tractability, the framework combines Benders' decomposition for long-term planning with an Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM)-based decentralized coordination mechanism for short-term operation. The framework is evaluated on integrated IEEE transmission-distribution test systems over a 15-year planning horizon. Relative to uncoordinated operation, coordinated operation with shared ESSs reduces operating costs by up to 18.25% and RES curtailment by up to 92.16% in the later years of the planning horizon, while eliminating voltage violations. The results also show that degradation materially affects ESS valuation and that temporal discretization can influence siting and sizing decisions.

2026

Coordinated Operation and Flexibility Management of Medium and Low Voltage Grids

Authors
Affonso, CM; Bessa, RJ; Gouveia, CS;

Publication
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS

Abstract
The connection of distributed energy resources in distribution system have been increasing significantly, requiring new approaches as market-based flexibility solutions. This paper proposes the coordinated operation of on-load tap changer and flexibility services traded in a local market for voltage regulation in medium and low voltage grid. The wider action of on-load tap changer is used to restore voltages at the medium voltage feeder based on sensitivity coefficients. If voltage violations persist, flexibilities are traded in a local energy market with a cost-effective approach, where flexibility costs are minimized, and are activated according to their effectiveness indicated by sensitivity coefficients. Sensitivity coefficients are obtained in the medium voltage using an analytical approach that can be applied to multi-phase unbalanced systems, and in the low voltage using a data-driven approach due to their limited observability. Results show the proposed approach can be an effective solution to regulate voltages, combining the wider action of on-load tap changer with local flexibility, avoiding unnecessary tap changes and requesting a small volume of flexibility services.