Abstract
Senior entrepreneurship is getting increasing prominence in research, academia, and business. Given the demographic shifts occurring in Western Europe, it is also becoming a nuclear topic of interest for policymakers. Still, existing literature overlooked the emergent trend encompassing older individuals which, with different leitmotifs, starting-up new enterprises after decades as employees. In doing so, they convey formal and informal knowledge, networks, experience, savoir faire, and financial endowments, nurtured along the years, which is an evident advantage compared to the younger counterparts. Due to the raising number of negative experiences in the job market, either in getting or maintaining a position, senior workers look up for alternatives. Sometimes being pushed by necessity, other times pulled by opportunity identification and independence, seniors are increasingly making their best to overcome unsatisfying or insufficient conditions as employees. Enhancing entrepreneurial initiative across older individuals is urgent for policy makers due to the need to find occupation for an aging population and their contribution to income generation, at the same time, social and human capital will be leveraged, multiplying the effects of other policy actions such as education. Using the GEM database, this article aims to offer an overview on the role of age in entrepreneurial intention and its nature, addressing the nonlinearities of the effect. This new methodological framework can be used as a basis for future empirical research on the topic of senior entrepreneurship; additionally, it aims contributing to a better understanding of the role of age in shifting the individual reasons for starting a business, controlling for other individual characteristics. The identification of the particular features of the different age cohorts along with gender, education, social context or macro-economic contexts will shed some light on the specific policy packages needed to reinforce the entrepreneurial initiative as a vehicle to promote sustainable and inclusive growth along the European Countries.

Abstract

Abstract
Following the reflection around the emergence of “research university” in the context of the slow but progressive increase in value of science and technology and research and development in Portugal, a study applied to the knowledge transfer and the process of innovation in the university, in the context of a master dissertation in information science (IS), study area of information management, is presented. The university is one of the most important institutions in the context of the national innovation system (SNI), being part of its mission the creation and transfer of knowledge. At the University of Porto (U.Porto), projects, such as the University of Porto Innovation unit (U.Porto Inovação) and the Science and Technology Park of the University of Porto (UPTEC) seek to support the university's innovation value chain, promoting the reinforcement and solidification of knowledge transfer and of the relations between the university and companies, as well as the promotion and support to the creation of companies with a technological, scientific, and creative base, and the attraction of numerous innovation centers of national and international companies. This chapter points out an informational perspective on I&D+i (research and development and innovation) and entrepreneurship, based on the systemic theory and the quadripolar method, as theoretical and methodological guidance tools, and an information management/knowledge management approach of innovation models for the knowledge economy, the national and international referents, and corresponding set of indicators. An exploratory study, which allowed the identification of internal and external agents, the resources, the relations between actors and institutions, the processes and flows, and the main inputs and outputs, is presented. The most relevant result is embodied in a model of innovation indicators in an academic context and applied to the University of Porto.

Abstract
The growing importance of the creative industries for the economy of many countries and regions explains the efforts made over the past 15 years by several intergovernmental organizations such as the WIPO, UNCTAD, or UNESCO to develop conceptual and analytical frameworks as means to delimit the creative sector, understand its distinctive modus operandi, estimate its economic and social contribution and support the formulation of related policymaking. Many of the studies produced so far that provide a statistical analysis of the creative industries focus on the assessment of the contribution of those industries to 'output, employment, trade and economic growth' (UNCTAD, 2010: 73). However, to the best of our knowledge, few are the studies that seek to quantitatively estimate the contribution of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to the development of the creative sector, although it is widely consensual that HEIs play a pivotal role in driving the creative economy forward as 'they are

Abstract
This SPIN-UP project has been funded with support from the European Commission and is a study involving research performed in 4 countries: Finland, the Netherlands, Poland, and Portugal. The SPIN-UP research question is: What sort of entrepreneurship training and coaching program will contribute to the development of key entrepreneurial skills, both technical and behavioural, essential to enable and leverage university spin-off (USO) growth? The aim of the SPIN-UP study was to picture key entrepreneurial skills and their contribution to the performance of university spin-off firms, as well as missing skills, in order to develop an effective training and coaching program. USO, entrepreneurial firms that bring university knowledge to market, do not traditionally grow very much and we sought to contribute to a countering of this trend. To avoid a large differentiation in firm age, firm age limits were set at 2 years (lower limit) and 10 years (higher limit). 10 years was however used flexibly, particularly in those sectors where development and bringing products to market goes relatively slowly, like in the medical life sciences and material (nano) science (15 years used as the maximum in these cases). The research to date has involved a total of 64 interviews and questionnaires in the four countries mentioned above. The preliminary comparative analysis revealed that the four countries studied show somewhat different skill sets, meaning that we may still be in a World where diff