Abstract
This descriptive study explores the state of CSR education and research in Portugal. It aims to depict the state of CSR in Portugal, in particular in what concerns the nature and the extent of education and research on CSR being undertaken in Portugal. The methodology used includes analysis of relevant literature and of business schools’ websites, and a survey by questionnaire among students at the business school at which the authors of this chapter teach and research. In terms of CSR practices, there is still some focus on social issues, given the state of development of the Portuguese economy. There are signs of CSR having reached a reasonable level of maturity. Although CSR education and research seem to be reasonably well developed in the leading business schools, the same is not the case with other schools. Research on CSR is concentrated in the schools in which CSR education is more developed.

Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to an audio-based indoor localization system. By using audio signals emitted by a public address sound system, mobile devices may globally localize themselves in an indoor environment where global navigation satellite systems are not viable or reliable. The use of data hiding techniques such as spread spectrum coding or echo hiding has allowed to convey information to a receiver avoiding people’s perception of the added audio content. Results demonstrate a relatively quite good localization with centimetre accuracy and precision and successful data transmission using barely perceptible audio signals.

Abstract
The progress in medical science and the decline of altruistic behavior of couples introduced to the world the ageing problem. The existence of ageing is more experienced by developed countries. Researchers and policy makers are constantly trying to find ways to study the impacts of ageing since the issue is unprecedented in our history. However, the majority of the literature focus more on immediate mechanisms such as public expenditures and somehow neglected the influence of ageing on manufacturing sector. Thus, through panel data, we studied the influence of ageing on manufacturing sectors. The empirical study was carried out on six developed countries namely Japan, Germany, Italy, Greece, Finland and Portugal that have high ageing population. Our results suggest that the growth of the old age group over 65 years old will have significantly negative influence on percentage contribution of manufacturing to the GDP of these countries. Moreover, the results also demonstrate that a country with a higher proportion of old age group over working group will face fall in the manufacturing.

Abstract
In order to achieve underwater acoustic high data-rate and real time communications, it is essential to implement a system that operates both at high and wideband frequencies using digital modulations. Therefore, to reduce the time and cost of developing acoustic communications an emulator of a physical layer model was implemented, allowing to test in real time the performance of digital modulations. The model was composed of an emitter transducer, a hydrophone and the subaquatic medium and was integrated in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) in order to emulate the physical layer in the acoustic modem testing. The emitter transducer and the hydrophone models were designed to meet real prototype characteristics. The system prototype was implemented in order to compare the experimental trials results with those obtained in emulator, emulating the transmission of acoustic signals, using different types of digital modulations. The system was tested using Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK), Binary Frequency Shift keying (BFSK) and Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (BASK) modulations with a 1 MHz carrier frequency resulting in a data rate of 125 kbps. It was verified that the implemented model represents a suitable approximation to the real subaquatic communication channel, allowing the evaluation of digital acoustic communications.

Abstract
In this work, we introduce a more appropriate (or alternative) approach to evaluate the performance and the generalization capabilities of a framework for automatic anuran call recognition. We show that, by using the common k-folds Cross-Validation (k-CV) procedure to evaluate the expected error in a syllable-based recognition system the recognition accuracy is overestimated. To overcome this problem, and to provide a fair evaluation, we propose a new CV procedure in which the specimen information is considered during the split step of the k-CV. Therefore, we performed a k-CV by specimens (or individuals) showing that the accuracy of the system decrease considerably. By introducing the specimen information, we are able to answer a more fundamental question: Given a set of syllables that belongs to a specific group of individuals, can we recognize new specimens of the same species? In this article, we go deeper into the reviews and the experimental evaluations to answer this question.

Abstract
The seasonal cycle accounts for about 40 % of the total sea level variability in the Baltic Sea. In a climate change context, changes are expected to occur, not only in mean levels but also in the seasonal characteristics of sea level. The present study addresses the quantification of changes in the seasonal cycle of sea level from a set of century-long tide gauge records in the Baltic Sea. In order to obtain robust estimates of the changes in amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycle, we apply different methods, including continuous wavelet filtering, multi-resolution decomposition based on the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform, auto-regressive-based decomposition, singular spectrum analysis and empirical mode decomposition. The results show that all methods generally trace a similar long-term variability of the annual cycle amplitudes, and we focus on discrete wavelet analysis as the natural counterpart of classical moving Fourier analysis. In contrast to previous studies suggesting the existence of long-term changes in the seasonal cycle, in particular an increase of the annual amplitude, we find alternating periods of high and low amplitudes without any clear indication of systematic long-term trends. The derived seasonal patterns are spatially coherent, discriminating the stations in the Baltic entrance from the remaining stations in the Baltic basin, for which zonal wind accounts for typically more than 40 % of the variations in amplitude.