Abstract
Air quality traffic-related measures have been implemented worldwide to control the pollution levels of urban areas. Although some of those measures are claiming environmental improvements, few studies have checked their real impact. In fact, quantitative estimates are often focused on reducing emissions, rather than on evaluating the actual measures' effect on air quality. Even when air quality studies are conducted, results are frequently unclear. In order to properly assess the real impact on air quality of traffic-related measures, a statistical method is proposed. The method compares the pollutant concentration levels observed after the implementation of a measure with the concentration values of the previous year. Short- and long-term impact is assessed considering not only their influence on the average pollutant concentration, but also on its maximum level. To control the effect of the main confounding factors, only the days with similar environmental conditions are analysed. The changeability of the key meteorological variables that affect the transport and dispersion of the pollutant studied are used to identify and group the days categorized as similar. Resemblance of the pollutants' concentration of the previous day is also taken into account. The impact of the road traffic measures on the air pollutants' concentration is then checked for those similar days using specific statistical functions. To evaluate the proposed method, the impact on PM2.5 concentrations of two air quality traffic-related measures (M1 and M2) implemented in the city of Beijing are taken into consideration: M1 was implemented in 2009, restricting the circulation of yellow-labelled vehicles, while M2 was implemented in 2014, restricting the circulation of heavy-duty vehicles. To compare the results of each measure, a time-period when these measures were not applied is used as case-control.

Abstract
The content of this paper aims to assist in the development and implementation of microgrids by addressing the challenges and possible solutions for their protection systems. Therefore, an overview of some protection methods available in the literature that can be implemented to ensure a safe and reliable microgrid operation is presented, including the most common protection devices and earthing schemes that can be adopted in low voltage distribution systems. In addition, this paper also presents a brief fault analysis of internal faults at three different locations in an industrial microgrid with centralized and decentralized deployment of energy sources, as well as a short-circuit analysis of symmetric and asymmetric faults at these faulty locations. An approximate method based on the calculation of the equivalent impedance seen from the fault location is used to determine the fault currents. This study is made to observe how microgrids with different configurations perform in the event of internal faults. It is demonstrated in this work that setting a specific protection strategy to allow the microgrid to operate effectively during both operation modes can be problematic and expensive in most situations. With this in mind, additional effort is necessary to engineer and implement new protection approaches that can overcome the limitations of protection systems in future microgrids.

Abstract
The development of relationships by private non-profit organizations (NPOs) with companies is fundamental to their sustainability. However, relational marketing and the definition of fundraising and communication strategies tend to be under-explored, resulting in punctual relationships with donors. This paper proposes to explore ways of developing relationships between NPOs and companies. After a systematization of the main contributions present in the literature, a qualitative and exploratory study was presented, in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 NPO managers with different fields of activity and 16 managers of small, medium and large companies, all with headquarters in the district of Aveiro. The results show that what drives companies to support NPOs are essentially non-material benefits, such as the emotional impact on employees and other stakeholders. There are clear differences between small and large companies, the latter being more prone to formal relations. It was verified, however, that even the occasional supports can be recurrent and repeated, lacking the capacity to protocol the relation. Overall, the data offer interesting clues to NPO staff, namely resulting from a comparison of the different perspectives of the participants.

Abstract

Abstract
This paper draws on an innovative methodological framework to assess the energy performance of a set of urban development alternatives, using the city of Porto (Portugal) as a case study. The methodology combines the advantages of a spatially-explicit analysis with the prediction accuracy of neural networks to estimate the energy demand (for space heating, space cooling and mobility) resulting from the physical configuration of urban areas. The urban alternatives under assessment reflect a number of development strategies taking place in different locations within the city. These correspond to well-known urban development approaches (infill development, consolidated development, modern development, multi-family housing, transit-oriented development and green infrastructure). The results for the city of Porto show that the transit-oriented development, the urban infill and the consolidated development are the urban alternatives yielding the most relevant energy savings, especially regarding mobility needs. This study makes evident that planning for more efficient urban forms potentially brings about more efficient urban settings and reinforces the relevance of ex ante appraisals of urban projects and plans.

Abstract
This research aims to contribute to the understanding of how the experience influences music festival participants' satisfaction, and the latter affects future behavior. A quantitative methodology was adopted using a questionnaire as research instrument, which was applied to 240 participants in the Rock in Rio Lisbon festival 2014. The results point to a positive relation between satisfaction and the different dimensions of experience, including the social one that was developed for the present study. © 2018. revistaESPACIOS.com.