Abstract
In recent years optimization of fuzzy controllers has been widely considered by researchers, especially using genetic algorithms. Genetic supervisory fuzzy (GSF) control architecture for multi-part-Type production line is proposed in this paper. GSF control architecture composed of two layer controller. In first layer heuristic distributed fuzzy (HDF) controllers has been used to control each machine separately, while GSF controllers has been used in second layer. GSF controllers tune the decisions made by HDF controllers, based on overall conditions of production system. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to adapt the membership functions of fuzzy supervisory controllers, to improve the performance of such controllers. The overall objective is to control the production rate in a way that satisfies the demand for final products while keeping minimum work-in-process (WIP) and backlog within the production system. GA is used to minimize costs of WIP and backlog. The results show that in most of the cases GSF outperform the conventional supervisory controllers. Copyright© (2008) by Computers & Industrial Engineering.

Abstract
OTDM-to-WDM conversion from 128.1 Gbit/s to 3x42.7Gbit/s is achieved by wavelength conversion using side filtering of SPM broadened spectrum in HNLF, followed by a single electro-absorption modulator based optical gate. A maximum 2dB penalty was achieved. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

Abstract
The main goals of the present work are to automatically extract the Contour of an object and to simulate its deformation using a physical approach. In this work, to segment an object represented in an image, an initial contour is manually defined for it that will then automatically evolve until it reaches the border of the desired object. In this approach, the contour is modelled by a physical formulation using the finite element method. and its temporal evolution to the desired final Contour is driven by Internal and external forces. The internal forces are defined by the intrinsic characteristics of the material adopted for the physical model and the interrelation between its nodes. The external forces are determined in function of the image features most suitable for the object to be segmented. To build the physical model of the contour used In the Segmentation process, the isoparametric finite element proposed by Sclaroff is adopted, and to obtain its evolution towards the object border the methodology presented by Nastar is used, that consists in solving the dynamic equilibrium equation between two Consecutive instants. To simulate the deformation between two different instances of an object, after they each have their contours properly modelled, modal analysis, complemented with global optimization techniques, is employed to establish the correspondence between their nodes (data points). After this matching phase, the displacements field between the two contours is simulated using the dynamic equilibrium equation that balances the internal forces defined by the physical model. and the external forces determined by the distance between the two contours.

Abstract

Abstract
Electronic commerce is currently a world-wide phenomenon, with multiple impacts on the success and evolution of organizations of various business areas, due to its unique features that both challenge and revolutionize traditional entrepreneurial reasoning. However, many enterprises have experienced difficulties with their e-commerce initiatives, either due to lack of information, or because of the innumerable difficulties found in the definition of an action plan. Recognizing the importance of a broad and deep understanding of the multiple aspects supporting and constraining e-commerce, a theoretical model that explains electronic commerce initiatives is proposed. The model was developed following a qualitative methodology known as Grounded Theory, whose purpose is to assist organizations in their e-commerce initiatives. The work led to the identification and description of factors that influence the adoption and exploitation of e-commerce in Portuguese organizations.

Abstract
Although the take-up of formal approaches to modelling and reasoning about software has been slow, there has been recent interest and facility in the use of automated reasoning techniques such as model checking 151 oil increasingly complex systems. In the case of interactive systems, formal methods can be particularly useful in reasoning about systems that involve complex interactions. These techniques for the analysis of interactive systems typically focus on the device and leave the context of use undocumented. In this paper we look at models that incorporate complexity explicitly, and discuss how they can be used in a formal setting. The paper is concerned particularly with the type of analysis that can be performed with them.