Abstract
A common problem in computer programming use for education in general, not simply as a technical skill, is that children and teachers find themselves constrained by what is possible through limited expertise in computer programming techniques. This is particularly noticeable at the preliterate level, where constructs tend to be limited to extremely simple elements. Having worked for 4 years with over 150 children, aged 3 to 5, we present age-appropriate computer programming activities involving different computer programming techniques, from the basic (computer language syntax) to the advanced (client-server). These may contribute to expand the panorama on viable computer programming techniques available to children and educators, thus broadening the variety of educational activities and projects that can be approached in educational settings using computer programming.

Abstract
The generation of three-dimensional models of urban environments using procedural modelling is presented as being a solution which allows financial and temporal gains, maintaining an acceptable visual fidelity level. Nevertheless, the modelling of anchor buildings (or monumental), identifying certain urban areas, needs a more careful modelling due to the high level of detail necessary, using, generally, manual modelling. We present an automation proposal of the building modelling process through the introduction of additional knowledge from textual descriptions in a procedural modelling system. The results show that the data model is flexible enough to build distinct models of churches. The data model can also provide an initial structure for high level modelling, providing the global shape for the building and the location of doors, windows or other structures. High detailed models can be built from this initial structure. The results. demonstrate also that it is possible to create a 3D model from a text and thus permitting that non-specialised users may increase effectiveness using a procedural modelling system.

Abstract
The incorrect behaviour of Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) can compromise the effective use of the overall software application. One way to discover defects and increase the quality of GUIs is through testing. Test cases can be created manually or produced automatically from a model of the GUI. The size and complexity of GUIs makes it unpractical to do extensive manual testing. However, creating a model of the GUI in order to generate automatically test cases is also a laborious task. This paper presents a reverse engineering approach for diminishing the effort required for constructing the model of an existing GUI. The GUI is exercised by a combination of manual and automatic exploration, and information about its structure and some of its behaviour is automatically extracted, resulting in an incomplete GUI model. This model is subsequently completed manually, validated and used as input for automatic test generation and execution.

Abstract
A CMOS-integrated SiGeC APD is presented, which under avalanche breakdown emits white light perpendicularly to the SiGeC layers. It can be used as an optical pump for devices such as Raman or Er-based lasers. ©2010 IEEE.

Abstract

Abstract
This paper investigates dynamic stability and control design of modern electric energy systems as many MW-scale distributed generators (DG) of various types are deployed in the distribution side of electric systems. The paper is mainly concerned about small-signal frequency stability of distribution systems with decentralized or centralized control systems. The Gerschgorin Circle Theory and Hicks Stability Theory are used for verifying sufficient conditions for small-signal stability. The paper also discusses about designing advanced enhancing robustness methods to ensure both safety and stability of modern distribution systems. Finally, the paper closes with a discussion of policies needed to support large penetration of DG units in distribution systems to ensure safety and robustness of the system. ©2010 IEEE.