Abstract
Burden reduction is a key issue in modern public administrations' and businesses' agendas. Compliance with mandatory regulations can have a direct impact on a country's economic performance, growth, and development. Research in this area, contributes to a better understanding of the implications and context of administrative burden, and increases the efficiency of the strategies adopted to reduce it. The goal of this study is to undertake a review of the current state of the art on Administrative Burden Reduction (ABR), in order to gain a deeper insight about the subject, identify current gaps, and better plan for future research. A total of 122 papers were identified as relevant, out of a pool of 742 papers retrieved from the current literature. The relevant papers were analyzed across four dimensions: methodology, type and focus, and targeted stakeholders. Three key gaps were identified and discussed in relation to: citizen orientated services and burden reduction; empirical research and post-initiative re-evaluation; and, the role of stakeholders, interest groups and end-users in driving ABR. Lastly a conceptual framework model and next steps are proposed.

Abstract
The container loading problem (CLP) is a real-world driven, combinatorial optimisation problem that addresses the maximisation of space usage in cargo transport units. The research conducted on this problem failed to fulfill the real needs of the transportation industry, owing to the inadequate representation of practical-relevant constraints. The dynamic stability of cargo is one of the most important practical constraints. It has been addressed in the literature in an over-simplified way which does not translate to real-world stability. This paper proposes a physics simulation tool based on a physics engine, which can be used to translate real-world stability into the CLP. To validate the tool, a set of benchmark tests is proposed and the results obtained with the physics simulation tool are compared to the state-of-the-art simulation engineering software Abaqus Unified FEA. Analytical calculations have been also conducted, and it was also possible to conclude that the tool proposed is a valid alternative. Copyright © 2017 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Abstract
This study gives suggestions on how to decrease academic cheating. This exploratory study discusses how engaging students, with the case study approach, has led to the submission of more honest course work. What needs to change is the challenge – requiring too much is worse than not requiring anything at all, as the former is an incentive to academic cheating. Students need reachable goals and not to be over-swamped with course work. In the UK this may seem obvious but not so in other countries, where a number of students are known for copying and for not submitting original work to their lecturers (Teixeira, 2011). How might one attempt to change this trend of trying to get around the education system? This paper is about how to engage students – be it in the classroom, be it when they are at home, doing their course work. If it may be true that success is all about how much work you put in (Oliveira, 1993; Mansfield and Oliveira, 1994, 1995), then success in academia is about how you motivate students to want to excel based on their own merit and hard work (Au-Yong-Oliveira and Almeida, 2015). Rather than measuring a lecturer’s success on his or her pass rates of students, or by judging him or her on satisfaction scores given by students, lecturers should recognize that what is required is that they have a lasting effect on their students – in essence, changing their lives. Why are starting salaries so low in Portugal? Why is it so hard for students who have just graduated to find a job in Portugal? Why is the immigration rate so high amongst Portugal’s youths? A lot has to do with the education system – which is, albeit, at some institutions, already very practical, in the management studies domain. What we discuss herein is how to elicit honest contributions and how to gain genuine interest from higher education students – both at the undergraduate as well as postgraduate levels. Certain academic environments need change. This paper is about how to bring about that change and what lecturers can do, in particular with regards to research methodology, to revolutionize academia and perhaps even youth employment rates in the country. The account is by lecturers with teaching experience in a dozen higher education institutions. Having worked with Erasmus students the authors are well aware that plagiarism is also a problem in other countries, besides Portugal – notably, in Spain, Greece, and new democracies in Eastern Europe.

Abstract
Multi-master replication in a distributed system setting allows each node holding a replica to update and query the local replica, and disseminate updates to other nodes. Obtaining high availability typically entails allowing replicas to diverge and requires a background mechanism for re-establishing consistency. Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) extend standard sequential data-Types with appropriate merge functions, and often can be composed together to create more complex ones. In this work we add a generic CRDT composition approach that explores the single-writer principle. By carefully controlling which part of the composition can be updated by each replica, we can derive efficient designs that cover new usecases. After introducing the new construction we exemplify some uses, including how to emulate a simple Doodle functionality for selecting a common meeting schedule among different participants. © 2017 Association for Computing Machinery.

Abstract
Sugarcane cultivation is important for the economy of many countries, particularly for Brazil. This plant has been used to produce sugar, ethanol, second generation ethanol, fertilizers, as well as bioelectricity. Due to production growth and the establishment of mechanized sugarcane harvesting, this process needs to be optimized. High costs are linked to mechanized harvesting, which affect the total cost of production. One of the costs of harvesting is related to the long time the sugarcane harvesting machine takes to change the crop row to be cut. To help reduce costs, this work proposes a mathematical model to the Route Planning Problem for Mechanized Harvesting. This mathematical model minimizes the time of maneuvering the harvesting machine and, consequently, reduces fuel and labor costs, among others. Computer tests were performed using data supplied by a company from the sugarcane energy sector located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The results were compared to the traditional routes used by the company and proved the efficiency of the mathematical model in supplying solutions that minimize the time of harvesting machine maneuvers. Not only are there economic benefits, but also environmental ones that can be obtained.

Abstract
Cryptocurrency and blockchain technologies are recently gaining wide adoption since the introduction of Bitcoin, being distributed, authority-free, and secure. Proof of Work (PoW) is at the heart of blockchain's security, asset generation, and maintenance. Although simple and secure, a hash-based PoW like Bitcoin's puzzle is often referred to as "useless", and the used intensive computations are considered "waste" of energy. A myriad of Proof of "something" alternatives have been proposed to mitigate energy consumption; however, they either introduced new security threats and limitations, or the "work" remained far from being really "useful". In this work, we introduce Proof of eXercise (PoX): a sustainable alternative to PoW where an eXercise is a real world matrix-based scientific computation problem. We provide a novel study of the properties of Bitcoin's PoW, the challenges of a more "rational" solution as PoX, and we suggest a comprehensive approach for PoX.