Abstract
This chapter focuses on the analysis of the timing behavior of software applications that expose real-time (RT) requirements. The state-of-the-art methodologies to timing analysis of software programs are generally split into four categories, referred to as static, measurement-based, hybrid, and probabilistic analysis techniques. First, we present an overview of each of these methodologies and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Next, we explain the choices made by our proposed methodology in Section 5.2 and present the details of the solution in Section 5.3. Finally, we conclude the chapter in Section 5.4 with a summary.

Abstract
With the objective of developing a diagnostic tool, we have used the immersion optical clearing method and studied normal and pathological tissues (cancer, diabetes) under treatment by optical clearing agents (OCAs). In order to quantify pathology status OCA diffusion properties in different tissues were measured. We have demonstrated that free water content in cancerous tissues is higher than in normal.

Abstract
Mutation Testing has been proved to be effective in detecting faults. However, it suffers from the large number of mutants generated and analyzed when we apply the operators to create mutants. To alleviate this problem, this paper proposes an approach to find a reduced set of mutation operators that reduces the generated mutants and maintains the test effectiveness. Our approach adapts the semantic characterization of faults in order to find this set of mutation operators that will reduce the cost of Mutation Testing. The experimental results indicate that our approach is able to find a set of operators that reduce the mutation cost while maintaining the test effectiveness.

Abstract
Sentiment lexicons are an essential component on most state-of-the-art sentiment analysis methods. However, the terms included are usually restricted to verbs and adjectives because they (1) usually have similar meanings among different domains and (2) are the main indicators of subjectivity in the text. This can lead to a problem in the classification of short informal texts since sometimes the absence of these types of parts of speech does not mean an absence of sentiment. Therefore, our hypothesis states that knowledge of terms regarding certain events and respective sentiment (public opinion) can improve the task of sentiment analysis. Consequently, to complement traditional sentiment dictionaries, we present a system for lexicon expansion that extracts the most relevant terms from news and assesses their positive or negative score through Twitter. Preliminary results on a labelled dataset show that our complementary lexicons increase the performance of three state-of-the-art sentiment systems, therefore proving the effectiveness of our approach.

Abstract
Introduction: The body skinfolds compressibility is an individual characteristic determined by tissues properties. Compressibility could affect the skinfold thicknesses inducing error in the assessment of subcutaneous adipose tissue and in the estimation of body composition. Objectives: This study aims to firstly describe the time behaviour of eight body skinfolds' physical response to the skinfold calliper pressure during measurement. Methods: Using a digital skinfold calliper that gathers 60 measurements per second, the dynamic response of height skinfolds to pressure was characterized in 36 adult male athletes. To assess the skinfolds compressibility, two points were defined L and H: the S-L corresponds to the lowest value within the 120 measurement the time when it was obtained was defined as T-L. The T-H corresponds to the first moment where the 110% of of the value S-L was measured. The equations of the average of each skinfold as a function of time were obtained from a non-linear fitting. Results: Skinfold compressibility varied according subjects (p< 0.05). Significant differences were found among skinfold sites within S-H, S-L, T-H and T-L, confirming that each skinfold compressibility is different from the other, even within a homogeneous study group. Biceps was the first skinfold to reach the minimum thickness value (T-L= 1.08 +/- 0.38s), while iliac crest was the last one (T-L= 1.63 +/- 0.27s). Given the very good fits that were obtained for all skinfolds (R-2 >= 0.997), it was postulated that the skinfold thickness y changes with time t according to the equation: y = y0 + a/(b + t(n)). Conclusions: Inter and intraindividual skinfolds' variation in compressibility was documented, supporting a reduction in protocolled time during evaluations.

Abstract
The performance of Resonant Tunnelling Diode (RTD) oscillators with an optical window is evaluated experimentally, in the transmission of advanced modulation formats using electrical and optical modulation, for the first time. Additionally, the impact of phase noise in the transmission performance is also assessed.