Abstract
The Box-Cox (BC) transformation is widely used in data analysis for achieving approximate normality in the transformed scale. The transformation is only possible for non-negative data. This positiveness requirement implies a truncation to the distribution on the transformed scale and the distribution in the transformed scale is truncated normal. This fact has consequences for the estimation of the parameters specially if the truncated probability is high. In the seminal paper Box and Cox proposed to estimate parameters using the normal distribution which in practice means to ignore any consequences of the truncation on the estimation process. In this work we present the framework for exact likelihood estimation on the PN distribution to which we call method m(1) and how to calculate the parameters estimates using consistent estimators. We also present a pseudo-Likelihood function for the same model not taking into account truncation and allowing to replace parameters mu and sigma for their estimates. We call m(2) to this estimation method. We conclude that for cases where the truncated probability is low both methods give good estimation results. However for larger values of the truncated probability the m(2) method does not present the same efficiency.

Abstract
Water is at the core of sustainable development, and its use for human activities, including vehicle washing, should be done in a sustainable way. There are several technical solutions for washing buses offering different performances, making it difficult to choose the one that best meets the requirements of each specific case. The literature on the topic hardly analyzes the choice of the best technical solution for washing buses and does not apply and compare the results of different multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods for the problem. The unique information available is from the different suppliers in the market. Whereby, this work intends to give a technical-scientific contribution to fulfill this gaps. Therefore, the main objectives of this work are (1) to select the best sustainable technical solutions for washing buses depending on the specific conditions for a case study and (2) to analyze how different multicriteria decision-making methods behave in the selection process. To achieve these objectives, the problem was approached as a case study in a public transport company in Portugal and the methodology followed the next steps: started with the identification of the different types of commercial technical solutions for washing buses; the company's experts selected four main criteria: water consumption, operating costs, quality of washing, and time spent; the criteria weights were determined using the fuzzy-AHP method; then four representative MCDM methods were selected, namely, AHP, ELECTRE, TOPSIS, and SMART; the ranks obtained for the four methods were compared; and a sensitivity analysis was performed. Considering the input data for the criteria and their weights, the results for all the methods showed that the best and the worst solution was the same, mobile portico with a brush and porticoes with three brushes, respectively. Furthermore, the results of the sensitivity analysis performed with disturbances for the weights of each criterion presented that the results are slightly affected and the similarity in rankings for the four MCDM methods was validated by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs) and Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W). Considering these results, the SMART method, the less complex one, showed no difference from the others. For that reason, simple methods, such as SMART, in line with other works in the literature perform well in most cases. As a final remark of this work, it can be said that the methodology employed in this project can also be deemed applicable to other similar companies seeking technical solutions for bus or truck washing. Furthermore, the application of the SMART method, the less complex one and the most understandable for people, showed no difference from the others, being able to be applied in similar situations.

Abstract
Fertilization is paramount for agriculture productivity and food security. Plant nutrition pre-established recipes and nutrient uptake are rarely managed by changing the fertilizer composition at the different stages of the plant life cycle. Herein we perform a literature review analysis - since the year 2000 and onwards - of the state-of-the-art capabilities of Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium (NPK) sensors for liquid fertilizers ( e.g. , hydroponics). From the initial search hits of 1660 results, only 53 publications had relevant information for this topic; from these, only 9 had NPK quantitative information. Qualitative analysis was performed by determining the number of publications for each nutrient, according to sample complexity and existing single, multiplexed or hybrid technologies. Quantitative assessment was performed by extracting the bias and linearity, the limit of detection and concentration ranges of sensor operation, framed into the context of the sensor technology development stage and sample compositional complexity. The most common technologies are colorimetry, ionselective electrodes, optrodes, chemosensors, and optical spectroscopy. The most abundant technologies are for nitrate quantification, from which ion-selective electrodes are the most widely used technology, and sensors for phosphate quantification are the less developed. Most are at low technological levels of development, not dealing with the complexity of agriculture samples due to matrix effects and interference. Measuring the fertilizer composition, nutrient uptake, the state of the chemical network, and controlling the release of nutrients using new functional materials, is one of the most important challenges ahead for the existence of precision fertilization. Intelligent sensing and smart materials are today the most successful strategy for dealing with matrix effects and interferences, being led by ion-selective electrodes and spectroscopy technologies.

Abstract
Introdução/objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a literatura acadêmica atual sobre smart cities (cidades inteligentes) no Brasil com evidências de aplicação da tecnologia Digital Twin (gêmeo digital) ou Digital Shadow (sombra digital). Método: A Revisão Integrativa da Literatura foi utilizada como instrumento de pesquisa, analisando nos artigos: a) objetivo; b) método de pesquisa; c) objeto de estudo (local); d) aplicação da Digital Twin ou Digital Shadow; e) Resultado e conclusões. Resultados: Portfólio com 25 artigos sobre o tema e a análise qualitativa quanto ao objetivo, método, local de estudo, tecnologia Digital Twin, Digital Shadow e resultados. Estudos com elementos da Digital Shadow são percebidos timidamente em dois casos de cidades inteligentes no Brasil. Conclusão: As tecnologias inteligentes das cidades devem ser centradas nos interesses dos usuários para não perder a sua humanidade. Cabe acrescentar que as necessidades das pessoas mudam e, com isso, as tecnologias inteligentes devem ter visão de futuro, com vistas a antecipar as necessidades das gerações futuras. A tecnologia Digital Twin é um modelo que pode contribuir neste sentido, monitorando e provendo a leitura de cenários futuros de cidades inteligentes.

Abstract
Resolution and sensitivity of the wavefront sensor (WFS) are key requirements for eXtreme Adaptive Optics (XAO) applications. We present a new class of WFSs, the Bi-Orthogonal Foucault-knife-edge (Bi-O edge), that is directly inspired by the Foucault knife-edge test. The idea consists of using a beam-splitter producing two foci, each of which is sensed by an edge with an orthogonal direction to the other. We describe two implementation concepts. The first one, the tip-tilt modulated sharp Bi-O-edge, can be seen as a mild evolution of the Pyramid. The second one uses a smooth, gradual amplitude mask over a 'grey' zone on the edge (grey Bi-O edge). We analyze the increased gain in sensitivity and the super-resolution capability, we compare these properties to the Pyramid sensor and produce end-to-end simulations. An important advantage of the grey Bi-O edge is the static modulation which is well adapted for fast XAO systems. The grey edge consists of a rectangular zone on the edge of the same size as the modulation circle. We will discuss the manufacturability of loss-less grey Foucault-knife edges, and we develop a polarization-based technique for the Bi-O edge prototype for the ESO GHOST test bench.

Abstract