Abstract
O documento fotográfico constitui um enorme desafio para aquela que é chamada de Era de Informação e que vem aprumada com o avanço tecnológico, nomeadamente a imposição do digital, através de dispositivos de captura de imagem. O tratamento de informação fotográfica, embora, à primeira vista, espelhe um leque imenso de oportunidades e benefícios ainda padece de um estudo limitado e pouco desenvolvido. Se por um lado, os documentos de caráter textual estão presentes, em esmagadora maioria, nos centros de informação e, por esse motivo, o sua análise e tratamento são realizadas quotidianamente, por outro, a imagem tem vindo a posicionar-se, ainda que lentamente, na sociedade de informação como um meio implacável na geração de conhecimento.

Abstract
Background: The tip of an optical fiber has been considered an attractive platform in Biology. The simple cleaved end of an optical fiber can be machined, patterned and/or functionalized, acquiring unique properties enabling the exploitation of novel optical phenomena. Prompted by the constant need to measure and manipulate nanoparticles, the invention of the Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM) triggered the optimization and development of novel fiber tip microfabrication methods. In fact, the fiber tip was soon considered a key element in SNOM by confining light to sufficiently small extensions, challenging the diffraction limit. As result and in consequence of the newly proposed "Lab On Tip" concept, several geometries of fiber tips were applied in three main fields: imaging (in Microscopy/Spectroscopy), biosensors and micromanipulation (Optical Fiber Tweezers, OFTs). These are able to exert forces on microparticles, trap and manipulate them for relevant applications, as biomolecules mechanical study or protein aggregates unfolding. Scope of review: This review presents an overview of the main achievements, most impactful studies and limitations of fiber tip-based configurations within the above three fields, along the past 10 years. Major conclusions: OFTs could be in future a valuable tool for studying several cellular phenomena such as neurodegeneration caused by abnormal protein fibrils or manipulating organelles within cells. This could contribute to understand the mechanisms of some diseases or biophenomena, as the axonal growth in neurons.

Abstract
The development of smart mobility initiatives requires specialized and contextualized policies addressing the needs and interests of many stakeholders involved. Since the development of such policies is challenging, there is a need to learn from the experience of many cities around the world offering efficient and successfully adopted smart mobility services. However, in practice, the information provided about such initiatives is shallow and unstructured. To address this issue, we study the state of the art in mobility services, reviewing scientific publications and 42 smart mobility services delivered by nine smart cities around the world, and we propose a taxonomy for planning and designing smart mobility services. The taxonomy provides a common vocabulary to discuss and share information about such services. It comprises eight dimensions: type of services, maturity level, users, applied technologies, delivery channels, benefits, beneficiaries, and common functionality. The contribution of the proposed taxonomy is to serve as a tool for guiding policy makers by identifying a spectrum of mobility services that can be provided, to whom, what technologies can be used to deliver them, and what is the delivered public value so to justify their implementation. In addition, the taxonomy can also assist researchers in further developing the domain. By identifying common functionality, it could also help Information Technology (IT) teams in building and maintaining smart mobility services. Finally, we further discuss usage scenarios of the taxonomy by policy makers, IT staff and researchers.

Abstract
The Airline Operations Control Center (AOCC) has the responsibility to ensure that flights meet their planned schedule or, if any problem arises, to find a viable solution that minimizes both the impact in the operational plan and its cost. The high cost of resources involved in this process (aircraft and crew members) leads to a lack of additional resources from the airline companies, implying a restricted solution space. Here, we propose an electronic market modeled as a multi-agent system where airline companies can negotiate and lease each other the required resources when solving a disruption problem, thus expanding their solution space. The proposed negotiation occurs in several rounds, where qualitative comments made by the buyer agent on proposals sent by the sellers enables these to learn how to calculate new proposals, using a case-based reasoning methodology.

Abstract
Metaheuristic Algorithms in Maritime Operations Optimization focuses on the seaside and port side problems regarding the maritime transportation. The book reviews and introduces the most important problems regarding the shipping network design, long-term and short-term scheduling and planning problems in both bulk and container shipping as well as liquid maritime transportation. Application of meta heuristic algorithm is important for these problems, as most of them are hard and time-consuming to be solved optimally.

Abstract
In this paper we bring together a stochastic mixed integer programming model for transmission network expansion planning, incorporating portfolios of real options to address the evolution in time of uncertain parameters, with the adjusted generalized log-transformed model, to expand the number of correlated parameters that can be modeled. We apply these methods to evaluate the potential contribution of underwater transmission investments to increase renewables penetration in the Azores archipelago. The approach also includes expansion lead times, due to the large timespans involved in the construction of new transmission lines. Our analysis focuses on a set of the four closest islands in the archipelago, Pico, Faial, S. Jorge and Terceira, and shows that even though investments are delayed and the future network configuration varies according to the evolution of renewable generation scenarios, an investment in underwater transmission, if technically feasible, within the assumptions of our model, could in fact contribute to increase renewables penetration, by enabling islands with an excess in generation from renewable sources to supply other islands in a deficit situation.