Abstract

Abstract

Abstract
Extreme Learning Machines (ELMs) are a versatile Machine Learning (ML) algorithm that features as the main advantage the possibility of a seamless implementation with physical systems. Yet, despite the success of the physical implementations of ELMs, there is still a lack of fundamental understanding in regard to their optical implementations. In this context, this work makes use of an optical complex media and wavefront shaping techniques to implement a versatile optical ELM playground to gain a deeper insight into these machines. In particular, we present experimental evidences on the correlation between the effective dimensionality of the hidden space and its generalization capability, thus bringing the inner workings of optical ELMs under a new light and opening paths toward future technological implementations of similar principles.

Abstract
Light propagating in nonlinear optical materials opens the possibility to emulate quantum fluids of light with accessible tabletop experiments by taking advantage of the hydrodynamical interpretation. In this context, various optical materials have been studied in recent years, with nematic liquid crystals appearing as one of the most promising ones due to their controllable properties. Indeed, the application of an external electric field can tune their nonlocal response, and this mechanism may be useful for producing fluids of light and developing optical analogues. In this work, we extend the applicability of nematic liquid crystal to support optical analogues and study the possibility of emulating turbulent phenomena by using two fluids of light. These fluids interact with each other through the nonlinearity of the medium and generate instabilities that will lead to turbulent regimes. We also explore the possibility of exciting turbulent regimes through the decay of dark soliton stripes. The preliminary results are presented.

Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a technique that leverages atomic emission towards element identification and quantification. While the potential of the technology is vast, it still struggles with obstacles such as the variability of the technique. In recent years, several methods have exploited modifications to the standard implementation to work around this problem, mostly focused on the laser side to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the emission. In this paper, we explore the effect of pulse duration on the detected signal intensity using a tunable LIBS system that consists of a versatile fiber laser, capable of emitting square-shaped pulses with a duration ranging from 10 to 100 ns. Our results show that, by tuning the duration of the pulse, it is possible to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of relevant elemental emission lines, an effect that we relate with the computed plasma temperature and associated density for the ion species. Despite the limitations of the work due to the low-resolution and small range of the spectrometer used, the preliminary results pave an interesting path towards the design of controllable LIBS systems that can be tailored to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and thus be useful for the deployment of more sensitive instruments both for qualitative and quantitative purposes.