Abstract
In Europe, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) encouraged the specialisation of agriculture and forestry systems by supporting schemes that promoted productivity, despite the socio-ecological changes' detrimental effects on ecosystem services and biodiversity. In the case of mountain viticulture of southern Europe, the adoption of intensive management techniques triggered noticeable changes in farming systems, namely the removal of traditional stonewalls and semi-natural vegetation, partially compensated by eco schemes and agri-environment-climate measures. By combining fieldwork information with spatio-temporal modelling techniques, a novel hybrid framework is explained and implemented to predict the population trends of a critically en-dangered bird species in Portugal, the Black Wheatear (Oenanthe leucura), to the individual and/or combined effects of the removal of traditional stonewall terraced vineyards and the implementation of cover crops. The results obtained demonstrate the relevance of stonewall terraced vineyards (and the negative effects of their removal) for the conservation of Black Wheatear, namely during the breeding season when holes and crevices are used for nesting. Conversely, and in accordance with our simulations, the increase in the area occupied by vineyards with cover crops seems particularly detrimental for the species, by decreasing the quality of the feeding grounds. As cover crops, and possibly other eco schemes and agri-environment-climate measures, might not be the panacea for halting biodiversity loss in mountain viticulture, adaptation of measures to species' ecological requirements is urgent for a successful EU biodiversity strategy for 2030.

Abstract
[No abstract available]

Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world. Early diagnosis and treatment increase the chances of preserving vision. However, despite advances in techniques for the functional and structural assessment of the retina, specialists still encounter many challenges, in part due to the different presentations of the standard optic nerve head (ONH) in the population, the lack of explicit references that define the limits of glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), specialist experience, and the quality of patients' responses to some ancillary exams. Computer vision uses deep learning (DL) methodologies, successfully applied to assist in the diagnosis and progression of GON, with the potential to provide objective references for classification, avoiding possible biases in experts' decisions. To this end, studies have used color fundus photographs (CFPs), functional exams such as visual field (VF), and structural exams such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). However, it is still necessary to know the minimum limits of detection of GON characteristics performed through these methodologies. This study analyzes the use of deep learning (DL) methodologies in the various stages of glaucoma screening compared to the clinic to reduce the costs of GON assessment and the work carried out by specialists, to improve the speed of diagnosis, and to homogenize opinions. It concludes that the DL methodologies used in automated glaucoma screening can bring more robust results closer to reality.

Abstract
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is an area of growing interest, particularly in medical imaging, where example-based techniques show great potential. This paper is a systematic review of recent example-based XAI techniques, a promising approach that remains relatively unexplored in clinical practice and medical image analysis. A selection and analysis of recent studies using example-based XAI techniques for interpreting medical images was carried out. Several approaches were examined, highlighting how each contributes to increasing accuracy, transparency, and usability in medical applications. These techniques were compared and discussed in detail, considering their advantages and limitations in the context of medical imaging, with a focus on improving the integration of these technologies into clinical practice and medical decision-making. The review also pointed out gaps in current research, suggesting directions for future investigations. The need to develop XAI methods that are not only technically efficient but also ethically responsible and adaptable to the needs of healthcare professionals was emphasised. Thus, the paper sought to establish a solid foundation for understanding and advancing example-based XAI techniques in medical imaging, promoting a more integrated and patient-centred approach to medicine.

Abstract

Abstract
In recent years, the number of crimes with weapons has grown on a large scale worldwide, mainly in locations where enforcement is lacking or possessing weapons is legal. It is necessary to combat this type of criminal activity to identify criminal behavior early and allow police and law enforcement agencies immediate action.Despite the human visual structure being highly evolved and able to process images quickly and accurately if an individual watches something very similar for a long time, there is a possibility of slowness and lack of attention. In addition, large surveillance systems with numerous equipment require a surveillance team, which increases the cost of operation. There are several solutions for automatic weapon detection based on computer vision; however, these have limited performance in challenging contexts.A systematic review of the current literature on deep learning-based weapon detection was conducted to identify the methods used, the main characteristics of the existing datasets, and the main problems in the area of automatic weapon detection. The most used models were the Faster R-CNN and the YOLO architecture. The use of realistic images and synthetic data showed improved performance. Several challenges were identified in weapon detection, such as poor lighting conditions and the difficulty of small weapon detection, the last being the most prominent. Finally, some future directions are outlined with a special focus on small weapon detection.