Abstract
In this paper, a multi energy system (MES) model incorporating the traffic behavior of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is proposed. It is assumed that in a micro MES two charging options are available for the PEVs: the home charging (HC) stations and the PEV parking lot (PL). The operation of these elements within the micro MES concept is studied. The matrix model of the micro MES is adapted to enable the integration of PL and HC. Moreover, the traffic flow of the PEVs is added to the model as an input to the micro MES. The model is tested for various case studies and possible traffic behavior between the PL and HC. The results show that the presence of these two elements leads to effective integration of reduced system operation costs.

Abstract
This paper proposes an oligopolistic model for a wind power producer (WPP) with a market power to compete with other Gencos and take part in day-ahead, intraday and balancing markets. In order to model the mentioned oligopoly markets from WPP's viewpoint, a bi-level optimization framework is proposed based on multi-agent system and incomplete information game theory. In this context, the WPP participates in the intraday market where demand response resources are incorporated, to update its day-ahead offers. The problem uncertainties, i.e., wind power and market prices, are considered using a multi-stage stochastic programming approach. Because of these uncertainties, a well-known risk measurement, CVaR, is considered for problem optimization. Several numerical studies are accomplished and various aspects of the problem are analyzed. According to the obtained results, the proposed WPP model reveals that the prices of day-ahead and balancing markets could be increased due to the market power of WPP.

Abstract
The electrification of the transportation sector is likely to contribute reducing the global dependency on oil and is expected to drive investments to renewable and intermittent energy sources, by taking advantage of it energy storage capacity. In order to facilitate the EV integration to the grid, and to take advantage of the battery storage and the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) scheme, smart charging strategies will be required. However, these strategies rarely consider all relevant costs, such as battery degradation. This work analyses the profitability of bidirectional energy transfer, i.e. the possibility of using aggregated EV batteries as storage for energy which can be injected back to the grid, by considering battery degradation as a cost included in the proposed strategy. A mixed integer linear problem (MILP) for minimizing energy costs and battery ageing costs for EV owners is formulated. The battery degradation due to charging and discharging in the V2G scheme is accounted for in the model used. Two case studies of overnight charging of EVs in Sweden and in Spain are proposed. Results show that given current energy prices and battery costs, V2G is not profitable for EV owners, but if battery prices decrease as expected, the V2G will be present in the medium term. © 2016 IEEE.

Abstract
This paper analyzes the optimal planning and operation of aggregated distributed energy resources (DER) with participation in the electricity market. Aggregators manage their portfolio of resources in order to obtain the maximum benefit from the grid, while participating in the day-ahead wholesale electricity market. The goal of this paper is to propose a model for aggregated DER systems planning, considering its participation in the electricity market and its impact on the market price. The results are the optimal planning and management of DER systems, and the appropriate energy transactions for the aggregator in the wholesale day-ahead market according to the size of its aggregated resources. A price-maker approach based on representing the market competitors with residual demand curves is followed, and the impact on the price is assessed to help in the decision of using price-maker or price-taker approaches depending on the size of the aggregated resources. A deterministic programming problem with two case studies (the average scenario and the most likely scenario from the stochastic ones), and a stochastic one with a case study to account for the market uncertainty are described. For both models, market scenarios have been built from historical data of the Spanish system. The results suggest that when the aggregated resources have enough size to follow a price-maker approach and the uncertainty of the markets is considered in the planning process, the DER systems can achieve up to 50% extra economic benefits, depending on the market share, compared with a non aggregated business-as-usual approach (not implementing DER systems).

Abstract
Combining large penetration of wind and solar generation with Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) seems a promising solution for energy cost saving and emissions reduction. PEVs connected to the grid with smart charging strategies can be an effective way to integrate non-dispatchable renewable generation, smoothing the load curve, contributing to the system stability by providing regulation services, and moving unhealthy emissions away from city centers. This paper analyzes the combined penetration of PEVs, and wind and solar generation using a Unit Commitment model for the Spanish power system, providing some insight on how the penetration of these technologies affects relevant variables such as energy and reserve, thermal plants behavior (such as starts-up and shut-downs, technological energy share, generation costs or emissions) and systems costs. Results show that PEV increase total demand, but its optimal charging smooths the net demand (to be supplied by thermal units) and the final electricity prices. In addition, solar generation penetration leads to a larger net demand with more variability but with lower production costs than wind generation penetration, due to their different hourly profiles. Finally neither solar nor wind generation penetrations are totally profitable for the system with the assumptions made, since their investments costs do not compensate the production cost decrement, but grid parity is almost reached for both technologies. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Abstract
Previous studies of market power within a regional system have considered multiple competing generation operators and the role of transmission constraints. However, these studies typically assume simplified structures in which each operator is restricted to a unique node in a transmission constrained network. Real systems typically have operators making decisions for units in several zones at once. Past studies also implicitly treated market power as a static concept for a given set of market rules and network configuration. We demonstrate that market power is dynamic, and can vary significantly with fuel prices and even with large-scale weather patterns. We also demonstrate the impact on region-wide market power of operators that manage units in multiple zones. We use the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) as an illustrative case study, and apply a conjectured supply function equilibrium (CSFE) approach that accounts for transmission constraints. We show that the companies with greater influence on the market price will depend on the relative prices of coal and natural gas. We also show that a weather event, such as a period without any wind, can have a substantial impact on market power.