Abstract
Several technological, social and organizational factors influence energy management in school buildings, resulting in a complex situation away from the usual engineering approach. The selection of evaluation criteria to assess the energy performance of school buildings remains one of the most challenging aspects since these should accommodate the perspectives of the potential key stakeholders. This paper presents a comprehensive problem structuring approach combining Soft Systems Methodology and Value Focused Thinking to elicit and organize the multiple aspects that influence energy efficiency of school buildings. The main aim of this work is structuring the fundamental objectives to develop a criteria tree to be considered in a multi-criteria classification model to be used by management entities for rating overall energy performance of school buildings. This methodological framework helped grasping the main issues at stake for a thorough energy performance assessment of school buildings and the need to define adequate policies for improvement.

Abstract
This paper presents a reliability-based approach for the design and deployment of an energy management system (EMS) by using 'smart' applications, such as energy storage (ES), to control battery power output in residential dwellings, and thus improve distribution-network reliability performance. The state of charge (SOC) of the battery system is designed based on time-varying electricity tariff, load demand and solar photovoltaic (PV) generation data to investigate a realistic test-case scenario. Additionally, a typical MV/LV urban distribution system is fully modelled and scripted to investigate the potential benefits that 'smart' interventions can offer to customers' quality of power supply. In this research, Monte-Carlo simulation method is further developed to include the time-variation of electricity demand profiles and failure rates of network components. Accordingly, the reliability-based effects from SOC variation in batteries are compared with an uncontrolled microgeneration (MG) scenario, by using different PV penetration levels to justify the value of control. The benefits are assessed through standard reliability indices measuring frequency and duration of power interruptions and most importantly, the energy not supplied to customers during sustained interruptions.

Abstract
Microgrid, as an emerging small-scale power system comprising a range of power sources, power electronic interfaces, loads, storage units, and being able to supply remote areas or local communities, either can be operated in islanded or grid-connected mode. Based on this concept, this paper proposes the scalability assessment and day-ahead optimization, with time-varying load and time-of-use tariff data in 48 time-periods, for multiple microgrids applied in the accommodation area in a UK university, based on an existing microgrid test system currently under investigation in its Smart Grid Laboratory. Four different scenarios, including weekdays and weekends over two seasons (summer and winter), are analyzed to achieve the optimal scheduling of the microgrid technologies. In addition, a long-term planning assessment, on optimization over 20 years, is presented to discuss the influence of microgrids' power component depreciation and life span on total energy costs and savings.

Abstract
This paper presents an integrated approach for assessing the impact that distributed energy resources (DERs), mostly intermittent in nature, might have on the reliability performance of distribution networks. A test distribution system based on a typical MV/LV urban distribution network in the UK is fully modelled and controlled to investigate the potential benefits that local renewables and energy storage can offer to the quality of power supply to customers. In this analysis, the conventional Monte Carlo method is further developed to include the time-variation of electricity demand profiles and failure rates of network components. Additionally, a theoretical interruption model is employed to assess more accurately the moment in time when interruptions to electricity customers are likely to occur. Accordingly, the impact of the spatio-temporal variation of DERs, with photovoltaic (PV) systems as key enablers, is quantified in terms of the effect of network outages. A range of smart grid functionalities is analysed and their benefits are assessed through standard reliability indices, with special attention to energy not supplied to customers, as well as frequency and duration of supply interruptions.

Abstract
The inclusion and arrangement of protection devices within the LV distribution network often neglected. By exemption of protection devices during network modelling, may result in overestimation of reliability performances. Detail network representation of UK LV residential model is used to assess network reliability performance. The analytical and improved Monte-Carlo Simulation (MCS) approaches are used to estimate system-related reliability indices.

Abstract
Last decade has witnessed the birth and dissemination of microgeneration (MG) in most EU countries. MG growth and diffusion in LV networks are expected to continue in the next decade. At the same time, the interest on energy storage systems (ESS) applications to power systems has been intensifying in the last years, following some major technological achievements that improved ESS abilities and decreased their price. This article analyzes the impacts of MG and ESS dissemination in LV networks' losses. The central goal is to estimate the global impact on the Portuguese LV distribution system. For that purpose, a set of empirical studies was carried out over a set of representative networks, in which different MG and ESS scenarios were considered. The extrapolation of the results to the global LV points out to a loss reduction potential of more than 15%.