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Publications

Publications by HumanISE

2025

Improving GHG emissions estimates and multidisciplinary climate research using nuclear observations: the NuClim project

Authors
Barbosa, S; Chambers, S;

Publication

Abstract
Radon (Rn-222) is a unique atmospheric tracer, since it is an inert gaseous radionuclide with a predominantly terrestrial source and a short half-life (3.8232 (8) d), enabling quantification of the relative degree of recent (< 21 d) terrestrial influences on marine air masses. High quality measurements of atmospheric radon activity concentration in remote oceanic locations enable the most accurate identification of baseline conditions. Observations of GHGs under baseline conditions, representative of hemispheric background values, are essential to characterise long-term changes in hemispheric-mean GHG concentrations, differentiate between natural and anthropogenic GHG sources, and improve understanding of the global carbon budget.The EU-funded project NuClim (Nuclear observations to improve Climate research and GHG emission estimates) will establish world-leading high-quality atmospheric measurements of radon activity concentration and of selected GHG concentrations (CO2, and CH4) at a remote oceanic location, the Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) facility, managed by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) programme (Office of Science from the U.S. Department of Energy), located on Graciosa Island (Azores archipelago), near the middle of the north Atlantic Ocean. These observations will provide an accurate, time-varying atmospheric baseline reference for European greenhouse gas (GHG) levels, enabling a clearer distinction between anthropogenic emissions and slowly changing background levels. NuClim will also enhance measurement of atmospheric radon activity concentration at the Mace Head Station, allowing the identification of latitudinal gradients in baseline atmospheric composition, and supporting the evaluation of the performance of GHG mitigation measures for countries in the northern hemisphere.The high-quality nuclear and GHG observations from NuClim, and the resulting classification of terrestrial influences on marine air masses, will assist diverse climate and environmental studies, including the study of pollution events, characterisation of marine boundary layer clouds and aerosols, and exploration of the impact of natural planktonic communities on GHG emissions. This poster presents an overview of NuClim, outlines the project objectives and methodologies, and summarises the relevant data products that will be made available to the climate community.Project NuClim received funding from the EURATOM research and training program 2023-2025 under Grant Agreement No 101166515.

2025

The SAIL dataset of marine atmospheric electric field observations over the Atlantic Ocean

Authors
Barbosa, S; Dias, N; Almeida, C; Amaral, G; Ferreira, A; Camilo, A; Silva, E;

Publication
EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA

Abstract
A unique dataset of marine atmospheric electric field observations over the Atlantic Ocean is described. The data are relevant not only for atmospheric electricity studies, but more generally for studies of the Earth's atmosphere and climate variability, as well as space-Earth interaction studies. In addition to the atmospheric electric field data, the dataset includes simultaneous measurements of other atmospheric variables, including gamma radiation, visibility, and solar radiation. These ancillary observations not only support interpretation and understanding of the atmospheric electric field data, but also are of interest in themselves. The entire framework from data collection to final derived datasets has been duly documented to ensure traceability and reproducibility of the whole data curation chain. All the data, from raw measurements to final datasets, are preserved in data repositories with a corresponding assigned DOI. Final datasets are available from the Figshare repository (https://figshare.com/projects/SAIL_Data/178500, ), and computational notebooks containing the code used at every step of the data curation chain are available from the Zenodo repository (https://zenodo.org/communities/sail, Project SAIL community, 2025).

2025

A Container-Native IAM Framework for Secure Green Mobility: A Case Study with Keycloak and Kubernetes

Authors
Sousa, A; Branco, F; Reis, A; Reis, MJCS;

Publication
INFORMATION

Abstract
The rapid adoption of green mobility solutions-such as electric-vehicle sharing and intelligent transportation systems-has accelerated the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, introducing complex security and performance challenges. While conceptual Identity and Access Management (IAM) frameworks exist, few are empirically validated for the scale, heterogeneity, and real-time demands of modern mobility ecosystems. This work presents a data-backed, container-native reference architecture for secure and resilient Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) in green mobility environments. The framework integrates Keycloak within a Kubernetes-orchestrated infrastructure and applies Zero Trust and defense-in-depth principles. Effectiveness is demonstrated through rigorous benchmarking across latency, throughput, memory footprint, and automated fault recovery. Compared to a monolithic baseline, the proposed architecture achieves over 300% higher throughput, 90% faster startup times, and 75% lower idle memory usage while enabling full service restoration in under one minute. This work establishes a validated deployment blueprint for IAM in IoT-driven transportation systems, offering a practical foundation for a secure and scalable mobility infrastructure.

2025

A Systematic Review of Cyber Threat Intelligence: The Effectiveness of Technologies, Strategies, and Collaborations in Combating Modern Threats

Authors
Santos, P; Abreu, R; Reis, MJCS; Serôdio, C; Branco, F;

Publication
SENSORS

Abstract
Cyber threat intelligence (CTI) has become critical in enhancing cybersecurity measures across various sectors. This systematic review aims to synthesize the current literature on the effectiveness of CTI strategies in mitigating cyber attacks, identify the most effective tools and methodologies for threat detection and prevention, and highlight the limitations of current approaches. An extensive search of academic databases was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, including 43 relevant studies. This number reflects a rigorous selection process based on defined inclusion, exclusion, and quality criteria and is consistent with the scope of similar systematic reviews in the field of cyber threat intelligence. This review concludes that while CTI significantly improves the ability to predict and prevent cyber threats, challenges such as data standardization, privacy concerns, and trust between organizations persist. It also underscores the necessity of continuously improving CTI practices by leveraging the integration of advanced technologies and creating enhanced collaboration frameworks. These advancements are essential for developing a robust and adaptive cybersecurity posture capable of responding to an evolving threat landscape, ultimately contributing to a more secure digital environment for all sectors. Overall, the review provides practical reflections on the current state of CTI and suggests future research directions to strengthen and improve CTI's effectiveness.

2025

A Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization of In-Vehicle Communication Protocols

Authors
Hussain, I; Reis, MJCS; Serodio, C; Branco, F;

Publication
FUTURE INTERNET

Abstract
This research examined the domain of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) by analyzing the impact of scholarly work and thematic prevalence, as well as focusing attention on vehicles, their technologies, cybersecurity, and related scholarly technologies. This was performed by examining the scientific literature indexed in the Scopus database. This study analysed 2919 documents published between 2018 and 2025. The findings indicated that the highest and most significant journal was derived from IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, with significant standing to the growth of communication and computing on vehicles with edge computing and AI optimization of vehicular systems. In addition, important PST research conferences highlighted the growing interest in academic research in cybersecurity for vehicle networks. Sensor networks, pose forensics, and privacy-preserving communication frameworks were some of the significant contributing fields marking the significance of the interdisciplinary nature of this research. Employing bibliometric analysis, the literature illustrated the multiple channels integrating knowledge creation and innovation in ITS through citation analysis. The outcome suggested an increasingly sophisticated research area, weighing technical progress and increasing concern about security and privacy measures. Further studies must investigate edge computing integrated with AI, advanced privacy-preserving linguistic protocols, and new vehicular network intrusion detection systems.

2025

Cybersecurity in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A Systematic Review of Automotive Security

Authors
Abreu, R; Branco, F; Reis, MJCS; Serôdio, C;

Publication
IEEE ACCESS

Abstract
The rapid evolution of the automotive industry has driven the emergence of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles, raising significant concerns about the cybersecurity vulnerabilities inherent in their complex networks. This systematic review investigates cybersecurity in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles, focusing on internal and external networks and addressing four key research questions: (RQ1) What security controls exist in CAV networks? (RQ2) What methodologies are employed in cybersecurity studies? (RQ3) How effective are these methods, and what limitations do they present? (RQ4) What are the key themes, common approaches, and future research directions? Peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2024 were included, using IEEE Xplore, Elsevier, MDPI, ACM Digital Library, and Springer as data sources. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 111 relevant articles were analysed and grouped into seven themes: Authentication, Blockchain, Intrusion Detection Systems, Vehicle-to-Everything communication, Network Operation Centers, Security Operations Centers, and Systematic Reviews. The thematic synthesis highlighted study objectives, methodologies, and implemented security controls. This review identifies significant gaps in the literature, particularly in integrating Security Information and Event Management systems and the real-world validation of proposed security measures. It underscores the need for adaptive cybersecurity frameworks to address evolving threats and highlights the importance of collaboration between academia and industry. Furthermore, future research should prioritize the development of advanced security protocols, address scalability challenges, and explore the impact of emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence and 5G. Providing awareness and training is also essential to mitigate human error. These findings are a foundation for designing more resilient and secure Connected and Autonomous Vehicles systems.

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