Abstract

Abstract
Empirical literature on the geographical location of creative activities has been traditionally based on the spatial analysis of industries, often disregarding the creative employment that lies outside the necessarily limited boundaries of creative industries. As an extension to the most recent methodologies using industry and occupational data on industrial cluster analysis, this paper analyses agglomeration and co-location patterns of core creative activities, considering both 'embedded' (creative professionals working outside the creative sectors) and 'specialized' (creative professionals working in the creative sectors) creative employment. Using location quotients and principal component factor and cluster analyses, applied to all 308 Portuguese municipalities, we found that the geographical agglomeration and co-location patterns of core creative groups differ substantially. The typical arguments sustained by the literature-the tendency of creative industries/employment to agglomerate and co-locate in large metropolises-are only supported in the case of knowledge-intensive activities subjected to Intellectual Property Rights, most notably 'Advertising/Marketing', 'Publishing', 'TV/Radio', and 'Software/Digital Media', densely concentrated and co-located in highly developed, large urban centres, with high levels of human capital. These arguments do not hold for the traditional creative activities of 'Architecture', 'Design/Visual Arts' and 'Crafts', which, although co-located, appear mostly dispersed with small concentrations around intermediate urban centres. 'Teaching/training/research' present quite dispersed geographical patterns with some clusterization around municipalities with tertiary education institutions. 'Film/video/photography' and 'Music/Performing Arts' show some dispersion throughout the Portuguese territory with concentration around small urban centres and in rural areas. It is evident that, from agglomeration to co-location patterns, creative employment reveals heterogeneous characteristics across creative groups.

Abstract
Empirical studies are scarce on the usefulness of state trade missions as a way to promote the internationalization of firms. The results of applying an econometric model - involving 136 participations in twelve state trade missions that occurred between 2005 and 2008 - indicate that a company's size, foreign capital, export intensity, innovation intensity and experience in the market visited are relevant variables in an assessment of the results of state trade missions. Investment in the simple organization of trade state missions is not enough. It is necessary to select the most competent companies and to add more structured programmes to the organization of a mission in order to create and improve firms' competences.

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There is a generalized lack of clear definitions and estimations as to what represents cultural activities and creative industries. This paper critically reviews the growing corpus of literature on approaches to the measurement of creative industries and presents a detailed mapping of the creative sectors according to relevant industry- based methodologies. Using a unique official database, Quadros de Pessoal/ Matched Employer-Employee Dataset, which includes over 3 million workers, we found that, for Portugal, depending on the approach used, the size of creative industries differs considerably, ranging from 2.5% (DCMS model) to 4.6% (WIPO copyright model). We further propose a distinct industry-based approach focusing on core creative industries. Accordingly, core creative industries represent 3.5% of Portuguese employment, in which ‘software publishing’/‘computer consultancy’ (1.0%), ‘publishing’ (1.0%) and ‘advertising and marketing’ (0.4%) are the most relevant sub-segments. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.

Abstract
The relationship between FDI and corruption/institutional quality in host countries has been widely analyzed. However, the use of distinct samples and indicators for corruption tends to hinder the interpretation and outcomes of econometric assessments. The aims of this paper are to assess the extent to which the use of distinct proxies for corruption provides diverse evidence regarding the relationship between corruption and FDI, and to assess whether controlling for other indicators of institutional quality reinforces the effect of corruption indicators on FDI inflows. In order to accomplish these goals, we estimate a set of multivariate logistic models using 96 countries over the period 2000 to 2010. The results evidence that using distinct proxies for corruption variables, as well as controlling for other types of the countries' institutional quality, generate distinct outcomes. In isolation, a country's transparency and its citizens' corruption perceptions fail to impact on FDI whereas a bribe-free environment is conducive to FDI inflows. When we control for the human, social and economic development of the countries, the impact of a transparent and bribe-free context on FDI attraction is enhanced. Overall, it is clear that in order to become a large recipient of FDI a country has to guarantee a transparent and bribe-free environment, characterized by low income taxes, high literacy rates and generalized economic freedom (own labor and property control by citizens).

Abstract