Abstract
Policymakers have an important role in enabling eco-innovation. To assess the effectivity of these interventions, it is necessary to characterize policies, namely the level of policy stringency. The present study contributes to extant empirical literature by performing a cross-country assessment of the impact of policy stringency on the outcomes (rather than the inputs) of the eco-innovation process. Contrasting with extant evidence, results fail to evidence the relevance of policy stringency for eco-innovation performance. Notwithstanding, policy stringency emerged indirectly as a potential critical determinant. Indeed, the possibility to save costs is often driven by policy instruments that punish pollution intensive firms.

Abstract
The present study assesses the perceptions of female entrepreneurs in Tanzania regarding the access to bank loans and the difficulties experienced in the process of financing their businesses. Focusing on small-scale businesses, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 75 female entrepreneurs from the Dar es Salaam area. Resorting to double-hurdle estimation models, we conclude that: 1) women who perceive higher discrimination and/or inequality in accessing bank loans, but who also recognize that female entrepreneurs often lack relevant business skills, tend to apply more often for bank loans; 2) women running larger business, operating in the tailoring industry, face fewer difficulties; 3) although highly educated female entrepreneurs apply less for bank loans, formal education acts as a shield to the difficulties faced by women when applying to bank loans; 4) more autonomous and money seeking female entrepreneurs are less likely to report difficulties during the bank loan application process.

Abstract
We survey and analyze the relationship between 'social media' landscape and the 'over-the-top' film industry and provide a new market overview of how distinctive media platforms are leveraging each other features as part of their business model. With an elevated penetration of mass-market over the top (OTT) services and coexistence of several business models and value chains that need to be proven, our findings suggest that new entrants, to stand apart, will have to experiment new business models and with multimedia integration of content and services; and, unless they establish new niche services to communities of interest it will be difficult for them to differentiate their offerings and survive. Developing a social content network that connects people socially through films can offer media entrepreneurs and the 'world film' industry with a stable business model and a new window of opportunity in their competition for market share. By clarifying the boundaries and affordances of distinct OTT and social media platforms, the present research sustains that coupling video streaming and social networking is the future. It further bears that social multimedia computing should be used to capture and leverage the social activity and interaction of users in order to understand the drivers and trends in the film industry. Finally, it provides a direction for online world films.

Abstract

Abstract
Ageing is no longer an issue belonging just to developed countries. In the present paper we examine the presence of this phenomenon and its expected evolution in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), from 1950 to 2100. The empirical work carried out sustains that LDCs are in the process of becoming ageing countries. Indeed, the old age dependency ratio in LDCs is predicted to converge towards that of the most developed countries between 2010 and 2020. Furthermore, results reveal that ageing dynamics varies according to LDCs regions, disclosing that LDCs from Asia are more likely to be ageing first. The results suggest that, unlike developed countries, LDCs will experience the process of demographic burden (ageing) before they could benefit from the demographic dividend (higher proportion of working group and lower proportion of young age group). © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Abstract
Em cada pessoa existe um potencial empreendedor sendo a educação para o empreendedorismo o meio mais eficaz para o dinamizar e promover (Dolabela, 2008). Contudo, como abordar um tema tão complexo com crianças? Objetivo: Identificar a existência ou não de características empreendedoras em contexto de narração de história em crianças. Participantes: Uma turma do 1º ano com 18 alunos e uma de 3º ano com 19 alunos entre os 6 e os 9 anos (7,2±1,1) de uma escola de Braga. Instrumentos/Procedimentos: Construíram-se categorias e subcategorias suportadas pela revisão da literatura que determinaram as características empreendedoras a avaliar. Elaborou-se uma história construída de raiz, tendo por base o tema piratas e a procura de tesouros. Trata-se de uma história dinâmica, em que, cada uma das suas etapas termina com um desafio ou questão para os alunos. Assim, estes podem assumir-se como personagens, dar sugestões argumentadas sobre o caminho a seguir na história e ainda fazer opções entre várias possíveis. A história foi aplicada, em cada um dos anos de escolaridade, em grupos focais, de seis crianças. Discussão dos resultados: A observação das diferentes subcategorias permitiram-nos verificar comportamentos positivos (CP), inversos (CI) e não observados (CNO). Constatamos que em cinco das oito categorias a maioria dos alunos as revelou de forma positiva com destaque para a “Autoconfiança” e “Relações interpessoais” e ainda que aquelas em que se verificou maior percentagem de alunos que manifestaram CI foram a “Autoconfiança”, “Relações interpessoais” destacando-se a “Persistência/Resistência ao Fracasso. As categorias em que mais se verificaram CNO foram a “Liderança / Tomada de decisão” e “Organização e Planeamento”. São necessárias mais investigações de forma a reunir um número considerável de contribuições para a validação de um instrumento que se adapte à linguagem da criança e que, de uma forma lúdica e motivadora, permita identificar características empreendedoras.