Abstract
Virtual enterprise integration (VEI) is virtually the most critical success factor for making virtual enterprise (VE) a real, competitive, and widely implemented organizational and management concept. However, according to many authors, the present solutions for VEI are either insufficient or inexistent. One of the reasons for the situation is the failure of the approach of "traditional" information systems and organizations to dealing with the nowadays turbulent market and organizations' requirements, where actual VEI solutions are mainly sought. This chapter presents a discussion on the VEI issue as a contribution to a better understanding of the VEI phenomenon, and it could be seen as a contribution to an eventual framework for VEI science, engineering, development, and implementation. Also, two metatheoretical structures for VEI research and development are proposed: VEI abstractions hierarchy and VEI semiotics. © 2005, Idea Group Inc.

Abstract
The process of resources systems selection takes an important part in Agile/Virtual Enterprises (A/V E) integration. However, the resources systems selection is a difficult matter to solve in A/VE because: it can be of exponential complexity resolution; it can be a multi criteria problem; and because there are different types of A/V Es with different requisites that have originated the creation of a specific resources selection model for each one of them. In our A/V E project we have made some progress in this matter and identified the principal gaps to be solved. This paper will show one of those gaps in the algorithms area to be applied to the problem. In attention to that gaps we address the necessity to develop new algorithms and with more information disposal, for its selection by the Broker. In this paper we propose a genetic algorithm to deal with a specific case of resources system selection problem when the space solution dimension is high.

Abstract
This work describes a real-world industrial problem of production planning and cutting optimization of reels and sheets, occurring at a Portuguese paper mill. It will focus on a particular module of the global problem, which is concerned with the determination of the width combinations of the items involved in the planning process: the main goal consists in satisfying an order set of reels and sheets that must be cut from master reels. The width combination process will determine the quantity/weight of the master reels to be produced and their cutting patterns, in order to minimize waste, while satisfying production orders. A two-phase approach has been devised, naturally dependent on the technological process involved. Details of the models and solution methods are presented. Moreover some illustrative computational results are included.

Abstract
There is an increasing interest in exploring the opportunities for competitive advantage that arise from reinforcing core competencies and innovative capabilities of the individual companies, and by forming integrated supply networks. In complex and dynamic environments such as the automotive and semiconductor industries, managing and co-ordinating the procurement of materials, their transformation into intermediate and finished products, and the distribution to the final customers, are very demanding tasks in terms of information systems. In general, current available software packages do not provide the full support needed for networked and distributed organizations, and are clearly insufficient in what concerns the planning and coordination activities needed in these heterogeneous environments. In order to adequately tackle these problems, this work proposes a multi-agent system architecture for real-time customer-order planning in distributed manufacturing enterprises, addressing the requirements of a make-to-order environment. The present research work resulted from the Co-OPERATE European Project. Enhanced visibility of information, early warning of disturbances, synchronized production and collaborative planning in the supply chain are the general goals of the project. In particular, for aggregate planning and order promising, a distributed and decentralized information system, based on an architecture of agents and extensively using the internet, was designed and implemented. This system aims at responding to the basic requirements of cooperativeness, integration and configurability, and at providing new and more powerful decision support.

Abstract
Collaborative Networks (CN) and Virtual Organisations (VO) can partially be modelled by using Graph Theory, as a natural framework for describing relationships, interactions and collaboration. Our work aims at extending and integrating results from that theory and other different fields and scientific disciplines, to enable modelling complex and non tangible factors, dynamics, trade-offs between individual and common objectives, arising in the set-up and management of VO. As a way to handle these issues in a holistic way, we present extensions of Social Actors Networks that are able to encompass various, complementary perspectives in dealing with VO, and coping with the different phases of its life cycle. Current results seem promising in the direction of creating a sound frame work for modelling and supporting holistic process management in Collaborative Networks. For illustration purposes a simple case study is briefly sketched and some findings presented. Finally sortie open issues are surveyed and lines for future research identified.

Abstract
This paper describes a study of planning vehicle routes for the collection of urban recyclable waste. The aim is to create collection routes for every day of the month, to be repeated every month, minimizing the operation cost. Two important features of the problem are the planning of a relatively long period of time and the separate collection of three types of waste. The collection operation was modelled in accordance to the practice of the company that manages the collection system. Heuristic techniques were developed to solve the model in three phases: definition of the geographic zones served by the vehicles, definition of the waste type to collect on each day of the month, definition of the collection routes. Preliminary results suggest that significant economies in collection costs are possible.