Abstract
Earthworks are part of the construction of any type of ground transport infrastructure. In many road and railway infrastructures earthworks represent up to 30 to 50% of total cost of the construction. Moreover, earthworks involve the use of heavy mechanical equipment (e.g., excavators, dumper trucks, bulldozers and rollers) and repetitive activities that are responsible for large amounts of carbon emissions with negative impact to the environment. In this context, the optimization of earthworks construction activities is becoming increasingly important in recent years, while effective and practical integrated solutions have not been established so far. As such, this work introduces a novel optimization integrated system for earthwork tasks. In this integrated system, the optimization is carried out on various fronts, namely minimization of execution cost and duration, while attempting to reduce environmental impacts, such as carbon emissions. In order to achieve this, the integration of a wide array of technologies is required, so as to allow for a proper adjustment to reality. These range from evolutionary computation and data mining (i.e., soft computing), to geographic information systems and linear programming. The former are used firstly to provide realistic estimates of the productivity of available resources (i.e., equipment), and secondly to perform their optimal allocation throughout the construction site. Concurrently, the latter are employed for supporting the optimization of resource and material management, as well as of the trajectories associated with transportation of material from excavation to embankment fronts. The system has been validated using real-world data stemming from a Portuguese road construction site. Results show that the proposed system is very competitive when compared with the manual allocation methodologies currently used for the design and construction of earthworks. In fact, the system can output several different resource distribution solutions, which comprehend a trade-off between the referred optimization objectives, enhancing the flexibility of design by allowing the user to select the solution that best fits the project restrictions (e.g., deadline, budget). As such, the system is capable of allocating the available equipment in a way that maximizes its potential and productivity, while indirectly guaranteeing minimum carbon emissions in each possible solution. These results emphasize the importance of using this kind of decision support/optimization tools in the design and construction of earthworks. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Abstract
This paper presents a study of a uniform dry sand compacted by the pluviation method and submitted to different isotropic and anisotropic stress paths. The stress states were performed in two distinct triaxial cells using specimens of 100 mm and 150 mm diameter in order to assess also the scale-effects. The small strain stiffness for each stress state was evaluated in both triaxial cells by bender elements which were assembled vertically and horizontally for the comparison of the shear wave velocity in the two directions. In the specimens of 100mm, additionally to the bender elements in the vertical direction, accelerometers were used for the improvement of the results accuracy. All tests results were analysed in order to assess the initial fabric (inherent) anisotropy and the induced anisotropy by the different anisotropic stress paths.