Abstract
Lung cancer diagnosis is made by radiologists through nodule search in chest Computed Tomography (CT) scans. This task is known to be difficult and prone to errors that can lead to late diagnosis. Although Computer-Aided Diagnostic (CAD) systems are promising tools to be used in clinical practice, experienced radiologists continue to perform better diagnosis than CADs. This paper proposes a methodology for characterizing the radiologist's gaze during nodules search in chest CT scans. The main goals are to identify regions that attract the radiologists' attention, which can then be used for improving a lung CAD system, and to create a tool to assist radiologists during the search task. For that purpose, the methodology processes the radiologists' gaze and their mouse coordinates during the nodule search. The resulting data is then processed to obtain a 3D gaze path from which relevant attention studies can be derived. To better convey the found information, a reference model of the lung that eases the communication of the location of relevant anatomical/pathological findings is also proposed. The methodology is tested on a set of 24 real-practice gazes, recorded via an Eye tracker, from 3 radiologists.

Abstract
Lung cancer has an increasing preponderance in worldwide mortality, demanding for the development of efficient screening methods. With this in mind, a binary classification method using Lung-RADS (TM) guidelines to warn changes in the screening management is proposed. First, having into account the lack of public datasets for this task, the lung nodules in the LIDC-IDRI dataset were re-annotated to include a Lung-RADS (TM)-based referral label. Then, a wide residual network is used for automatically assessing lung nodules in 3D chest computed tomography exams. Unlike the standard malignancy prediction approaches, the proposed method avoids the need to segment and characterize lung nodules, and instead directly defines if a patient should be submitted for further lung cancer tests. The system achieves a nodule-wise accuracy of 0.87 +/- 0.02.

Abstract
We propose iW-Net, a deep learning model that allows for both automatic and interactive segmentation of lung nodules in computed tomography images. iW-Net is composed of two blocks: the first one provides an automatic segmentation and the second one allows to correct it by analyzing 2 points introduced by the user in the nodule's boundary. For this purpose, a physics inspired weight map that takes the user input into account is proposed, which is used both as a feature map and in the system's loss function. Our approach is extensively evaluated on the public LIDC-IDRI dataset, where we achieve a state-of-the-art performance of 0.55 intersection over union vs the 0.59 inter-observer agreement. Also, we show that iW-Net allows to correct the segmentation of small nodules, essential for proper patient referral decision, as well as improve the segmentation of the challenging non-solid nodules and thus may be an important tool for increasing the early diagnosis of lung cancer.

Abstract
Capsule endoscopy is becoming the major medical technique for the examination of the gastrointestinal tract, and the detection of small bowel lesions. With the growth of endoscopic capsules and the lack of an appropriate tracking system to allow the localization of lesions, the need to develop software-based techniques for the localisation of the capsule at any given frame is also increasing. With this in mind, and knowing the lack of availability of labelled endoscopic datasets, this work aims to develop a unsupervised method for homography estimation in video capsule endoscopy frames, to later be applied in capsule localisation systems. The pipeline is based on an unsupervised convolutional neural network, with a VGG Net architecture, that estimates the homography between two images. The overall error, using a synthetic dataset, was evaluated through the mean average corner error, which was 34 pixels, showing great promise for the real-life application of this technique, although there is still room for the improvement of its performance. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CENTERIS -International Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems / ProjMAN - International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist - International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies.

Abstract
Advances in genomics have driven to the recognition that tumours are populated by different minor subclones of malignant cells that control the way the tumour progresses. However, the spatial and temporal genomic heterogeneity of tumours has been a hurdle in clinical oncology. This is mainly because the standard methodology for genomic analysis is the biopsy, that besides being an invasive technique, it does not capture the entire tumour spatial state in a single exam. Radiographic medical imaging opens new opportunities for genomic analysis by providing full state visualisation of a tumour at a macroscopic level, in a non-invasive way. Having in mind that mutational testing of EGFR and KRAS is a routine in lung cancer treatment, it was studied whether clinical and imaging data are valuable for predicting EGFR and KRAS mutations in a cohort of NSCLC patients. A reliable predictive model was found for EGFR (AUC = 0.96) using both a Multi-layer Perceptron model and a Random Forest model but not for KRAS (AUC = 0.56). A feature importance analysis using Random Forest reported that the presence of emphysema and lung parenchymal features have the highest correlation with EGFR mutation status. This study opens new opportunities for radiogenomics on predicting molecular properties in a more readily available and non-invasive way. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Abstract
Endoscopic capsules are vitamin-sized devices that leverage from a small wireless camera to create 8 to 10 hour videos of the patients' entire digestive tract, still being the leading tool to diagnose small bowel diseases. The revision of the produced videos is a very time-consuming task, currently conducted manually and frame-by-frame by an expert. Since endoscopic videos usually contain a considerable amount of frames where the mucosa is not clearly visible, the segmentation of the informative regions is a vital component to reduce the necessary time to review each exam. In this work, a CNN encoder-decoder architecture is applied to segment informative regions in small bowel frames of videos of endoscopic capsules. The network was trained and tested with a dataset of 2,929 manually annotated images, achieving a 91.2% Dice coefficient and 83.9% IoU. Furthermore, a video-wise analysis based on the amount of informative pixels in each frame is done.