Abstract
Incidental visualizations are meant to be perceived at-a-glance, on-the-go, and during short exposure times, but are not seen on demand. Instead, they appear in people's fields of view during an ongoing primary task. They differ from glanceable visualizations because the information is not received on demand, and they differ from ambient visualizations because the information is not continuously embedded in the environment. However, current graphical perception guidelines do not consider situations where information is presented at specific moments during brief exposure times without being the user's primary focus. Therefore, we conducted a crowdsourced user study with 99 participants to understand how accurate people's incidental graphical perception is. Each participant was tested on one of the three conditions: position of dots, length of lines, and angle of lines. We varied the number of elements for each combination and the display time. During the study, participants were asked to perform reproduction tasks, where they had to recreate a previously shown stimulus in each. Our results indicate that incidental graphical perception can be accurate when using position, length, and angles. Furthermore, we argue that incidental visualizations should be designed for low exposure times (between 300 and 1000 ms).

Abstract
Incidental visualizations convey information to a person during an ongoing primary task, without the person consciously searching for or requesting that information. They differ from glanceable visualizations by not being people's main focus, and from ambient visualizations by not being embedded in the environment. Instead, they are presented as secondary information that can be observed without a person losing focus on their current task. However, despite extensive research on glanceable and ambient visualizations, the topic of incidental visualizations is yet a novel topic in current research. To bridge this gap, we conducted an empirical user study presenting participants with an incidental visualization while performing a primary task. We aimed to understand how complexity contributory factors - task complexity, output complexity, and pressure - affected primary task performance and incidental visualization accuracy. Our findings showed that incidental visualizations effectively conveyed information without disrupting the primary task, but working memory limitations should be considered. Additionally, output and pressure significantly influenced the primary task's results. In conclusion, our study provides insights into the perception accuracy and performance impact of incidental visualizations in relation to complexity factors. (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Zhejiang University and Zhejiang University Press Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abstract

Abstract
Incidental visualizations allow individuals to access information on-the-go, at-a-glance, and without needing to con-sciously search for it. Unlike ambient visualizations, incidental visualizations are not fixed in a specific location and only appear briefly within a person's field of view while they are engaged in a primary task. Despite their potential, incidental visualizations have not yet been thoroughly studied in current literature. We conducted exploratory research to establish the distinctiveness of incidental visualizations and to advocate for their study as an independent research topic. We tested both incidental and ambient visualizations in two separate studies, each involving one specific scenarios: a cognitively demanding primary task (42 participants), and a mechanical primary task (28 participants). Our findings show that in the cognitively demanding task, both types of visualizations resulted in similar performance. However, in the mechanical task, ambient visualizations led to better results compared to incidental visualizations. Based on these results, we argue that incidental visualizations should be further explored in scenarios involving physical requirements, as these situations present the greatest challenges for their intearation. © 2024 IEEE.

Abstract
In recent years, there has been growing interest in digital twins (or virtual representations) of the environment. Programs in the European Union and the UN are investing in digital twins, particularly those of the ocean (DTOs). While citizen science has been mentioned as a potential data source for digital twins, the full potential of citizen science in this context has yet to be fully realised. The Iliad project (https://ocean-twin.eu), funded by the European Commission, is developing a comprehensive set of digital twins of the oceans which are interoperable, data-intensive, and cost-effective. The project (2022-2025) brings together over 50 partners to demonstrate the technologies and methodologies required to develop DTOs. Citizen science and engagement play a pivotal role in the project, with the following goals: (a) exploring the potential for citizen science to contribute to digital twins of the oceans; (b) demonstrating how citizen scientists (and society more broadly) can benefit from digital twins. The Iliad team is currently working on over 20 separate digital twins of the oceans that fall into two primary categories: (i) environmental and ecological digital twins; (ii) engineering and industrial digital twins. Using the Iliad DTOs as case studies, lessons learned for citizen science are presented from the development of each digital twin.

Abstract
Europe's position in the current cloud market needs to be improved. This market is currently dominated by non-European players by 75%, shaping the way that Europe is deploying and using cloud services. Although these players are bound to laws and regulations of foreign powers, such as PR China and USA, generating legitimate concerns for the EU, its businesses and citizens. EU's digital future resides on having installed secure, high-quality data processing capacity. This can only be offered by cloud services both centrally and at the edge. In this context NOUS's ambition is completely in line with the European Strategy for data as aims to create the foundations for a European Cloud Service which exploits the HPC network and tackles specific-to-the-EU-economy requirements as well as leverages different data spaces (Mobility, Energy, Green Deal and Manufacturing).