Abstract
Many real-world robotic scenarios require performing task planning to decide courses of actions to be executed by (possibly heterogeneous) robots. A classical centralized planning approach has to find a solution inside a search space that contains every possible combination of robots and goals. This leads to inefficient solutions that do not scale well. Multi-Agent Planning (MAP) provides a new way to solve this kind of tasks efficiently. Previous works on MAP have proposed to factorize the problem to decrease the planning effort i.e. dividing the goals among the agents (robots). However, these techniques do not scale when the number of agents and goals grow. Also, in most real world scenarios with big maps, goals might not be reached by every robot so it has a computational cost associated. In this paper we propose a combination of robotics and planning techniques to alleviate and boost the computation of the goal assignment process. We use Actuation Maps (AMs). Given a map, AMs can determine the regions each agent can actuate on. Thus, specific information can be extracted to know which goals can be tackled by each agent, as well as cheaply estimating the cost of using each agent to achieve every goal. Experiments show that when information extracted from AMs is provided to a multi-agent planning algorithm, the goal assignment is significantly faster, speeding-up the planning process considerably. Experiments also show that this approach greatly outperforms classical centralized planning. © 2019, The Author(s).

Abstract
Purpose In the vast majority of the individual robot installations, the robot arm is just one piece of a complex puzzle of components, such as grippers, jigs or external axis, that together compose an industrial robotic cell. The success of such installations is very dependent not only on the selection of such components but also on the layout and design of the final robotic cell, which are the main tasks of the system integrators. Consequently, successful robot installations are often empirical tasks owing to the high number of experimental combinations that could lead to exhaustive and time-consuming testing approaches. Design/methodology/approach A newly developed optimized technique to deal with automatic planning and design of robotic systems is proposed and tested in this paper. Findings The application of a genetic-based algorithm achieved optimal results in short time frames and improved the design of robotic work cells. Here, the authors show that a multi-layer optimization approach, which can be validated using a robotic tool, is able to help with the design of robotic systems. Originality/value To date, robotic solutions lack flexibility to cope with the demanding industrial environments. The results presented here formalize a new flexible and modular approach, which can provide optimal solutions throughout the different stages of design and execution control of any work cell.

Abstract
The transport of patients from the inpatient service to the operating room is a recurrent task in the hospital routine. This task is repetitive, non-ergonomic, time consuming, and requires the labor of patient transporters. In this paper is presented the design of a driverless wheelchair under development capable of providing an on-demand mobility service to hospitals. The proposed wheelchair can receive transportation requests directly from the hospital information management system, pick-up patients at their beds, navigate autonomously through different floors, avoid obstacles, communicate with elevators, and drop patients off at the designated destination. © 2020 IEEE.

Abstract
Localisation is a critical problem in ground mobile robots. For dead reckoning, odometry is usually used. A disadvantage of using it alone is unbounded error accumulation. So, odometry calibration is critical in reducing error propagation. This paper presents an analysis of the developments and advances of systematic methods for odometry calibration. Four steering geometries were analysed, namely differential drive, Ackerman, tricycle and omnidirectional. It highlights the advances made on this field and covers the methods since UMBmark was proposed. The points of analysis are the techniques and test paths used, errors considered in calibration, and experiments made to validate each method. It was obtained fifteen methods for differential drive, three for Ackerman, two for tricycle, and three for the omnidirectional steering geometry. A disparity was noted, compared with the real utilisation, between the number of published works addressing differential drive and tricycle/Ackerman. Still, odometry continues evolving since UMBmark was proposed. © 2020 IEEE.

Abstract