Abstract
Two new configurations of high-birefringent fiber loop mirror with an output port probe are proposed. The two configurations used two couplers spliced between them with unbalanced arms and one output port is used as the probe sensor. The difference between them is that the section length of high-birefringent fiber is located between the two couplers (first configuration) or spliced in the output port probe (second configuration). The first new configuration is studied as an optical refractometer and the second configuration is analyzed when the strain and temperature are applied.

Abstract
Number entry is an ubiquitous task in medical devices, but is implemented in many different ways, from decimal keypads to seemingly simple up/down buttons. Operator manuals often do not give clear and complete explanations, and all approaches have subtle variations, with details varying from device to device. This paper explores the design issues, critiques designs, and shows that methods have advantages and disadvantages, particularly in terms of undetected error rates. Copyright © 2011 for the individual papers by the papers' authors.

Abstract
The impact of five different water/powder (w/p) ratios in the characterization of high strength dental stone was evaluated, since the recommendations of the gypsum' manufacturers are not always correctly followed by the dental prosthesis technicians. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were used to measure the setting expansion and temperature variation which occurred during the setting reaction for each w/p ratio, as well as the thermal expansion coefficient. Thick mixtures with low w/p ratios had more crystals impinging upon each other during crystal growth, resulting in more expansion and more heat released. This thermal behavior was only achieved to w/p ratios within the manufacturer-recommended mixing ratio range. The results also revealed the existence of boundary condition; this corresponding to the limit of the mixing ratio recommended by the gypsum' manufacturer. Data provided in this study are particularly important for dental technicians with a view to attaining the best results in accuracy of fit for their prosthetic works.

Abstract
We developed a method for measuring the fitness of a prosthesis and implants. Since a robot arm is use for executing the impressions and part of the measuring procedure we gain high precision and reproducibility. We tested the measuring method regarding the operator dependence and tests confirm consistent results even with different users.

Abstract

Abstract
It is well known that systems built with resilient components are not necessarily resilient systems. Nevertheless, when studying the resilience of work systems characterised by continuous inter-operations among humans and devices, analysts generally concentrate only on localised interactions among humans and devices. Consequently they fail to capture the distributed nature of the mechanisms that guide interactions in dynamic interactive systems. In this paper, as a result of work on the resilience of medical systems with respect to human error, we propose a framework for reasoning about the resilience of complex dynamic interactive systems. To do this we exploit concepts from three different areas: the automated synthesis of resilient systems, formal methods for user-centred design, and distributed cognition. Copyright © 2011 ACM.