Abstract
With Virtual Reality (VR) systems it is possible to visualize three-dimensional environments with a high level of detail and visual fidelity. The users can manipulate and interact with those virtual environments in an intuitive way, close to reality. The VR systems enable the access to digital services that can promote, amongst others, collaborative work, data sharing or e-commerce. In this paper, we present a multidisciplinary solution that can offer added value to users through a collaborative environment with an intuitive interface. This environment will use geo-referenced databases to replicate urban environments and represent real world problems in a virtual way, making possible a better and more flexible approach in order to solve them. It is also proposed an architecture and some digital services are illustrated to show its potential.

Abstract
A simple interrogation technique for refractive index measurement is proposed, using a multimode interference-based fiber tip structure. The fiber probe is a section of a multimode fiber, spliced to a single-mode fiber and interrogated in reflection. The interrogation technique uses two fiber Bragg gratings as discrete optical sources; by means of relative intensity variation of the reflected signals, those sources will provide a measurement of refractive index changes, while taking advantage of the MMI-based fiber tip. The read-out system uses a WDM and two photodetectors to separate both signals. A sensitivity of -5.87/RIU, in the refractive index range 1.30-1.38, was achieved with the proposed configuration.

Abstract
We report on a case study investigating current practice in the use of a programmable infusion pump. We start by formalising an existing description of the procedure followed by nurses for setting up a commercial infusion pump obtained via observation and interview. We then compare and contrast this procedure with a formal description of the sequence of actions reported in the pump's user manual. Mismatches were validated by a training manager. The aim of this comparison is to point out how minor mismatches between the two descriptions can be used to reveal major safety issues. Our contributions are: first, we analyse a realworld system and show the importance of having a clear and consistent specification of the procedures; second, we show how a graph-based notation can be conveniently used as the basis for building non-ambiguous and intuitive specifications in higher-order logic. We argue that this can provide support to an investigator when building a description of actual practice in that it can help focus attention on areas to observe more closely and on questions to ask to understand why procedures, as followed, are the way they are. Copyright © 2011 for the individual papers by the papers' authors.

Abstract
Multi-agents systems and holonic manufacturing systems are suitable approaches to design a new and alternative class of production control systems, based on the decentralization of control functions over distributed autonomous and cooperative entities. However, in spite of their enormous potential they lack some aspects related to interoperability, migration, optimisation in decentralised structures and truly self-adaptation. This paper discusses the advantages of combining these paradigms with complementary paradigms, such as service-oriented architectures, and enhancing them with biologically inspired algorithms and techniques, such as emergent behaviour and self-organization, to reach a truly robust, agile and adaptive control system. An example of applying a stigmergy-based algorithm to dynamically route pallets in a production system is also provided.

Abstract
We used genetic algorithms to detect active voxels in the human brain imaged using functional magnetic resonance images. The method that we called EVOX deploys multivoxel pattern analysis to find the fitness of most active voxels. The fitness function is a classifier that works in a leave-one-run-out cross-validation. In each generation, the fitness value is calculated as the average performance over all cross-validation folds. Experimental results using functional magnetic resonance images collected while humans (subjects) were responding to attention visual stimuli showed certain situations that EVOX has could be useful compared to univariate ANOVA (analysis of variance) and searchlight methods. EVOX is an effective multivoxel evolutionary tool that can be used to tell where in the brain patterns responding to stimuli are.

Abstract