Abstract
This paper models the impacts of Demand Response Programs (DRPs) on the behavior of energy market participants in the electricity markets in the presence of renewable energies. In such oligopolistic environment, market interactions are considered by using a game theoretic model, and the market transactions are cleared by means of a Security Constraint Unit Commitment program (SCUC). One sample is considered from each main category of DRPs consisting of different types of time of use tariffs, real-time pricing, critical peak pricing from Price-Based Demand Response (PBDR), and different types of emergency demand response program tariffs from Incentive Based Demand Response (IBDR) in the presence of the wind farms. It is expected that the numerical results with the presence of renewable energy resources indicate that different types of these DRPs differently affect the oligopolistic behavior of market players that should be studied by the system operators before their implementation. Using Monte Carlo simulation method, several scenarios are generated to show the possible contingencies in Day-Ahead energy market. Then some scenario reduction methods are used for reduction the numbers of scenarios. Finally, a two-stage stochastic model is applied to solve this scheduling in a mixed-integer linear programming through GAMS. Consequently, the effect of demand response in the reduction of the operation cost is proved. The proposed approach is tested on a modified IEEE six-bus system.

Abstract
Hydrothermal systems should be characterized by a transmission-intensive nature in order to deal with climatic phenomena which, for example, can determine dry conditions in one region while there are large rainfalls in another one. Thus, the grid must be robust to deal with the different export/import patterns among regions and accommodate several economic dispatches. This paper describes a multiyear probabilistic Transmission Expansion Planning, TEP, model that uses Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) to deal with the uncertainties present in hydrothermal systems. The numerical simulations were conducted using the IEEE 24 bus reliability test system in which the planning horizon is 10 years and the load growth is 2,5% per year. The results highlight the importance of adopting expansion strategies to reduce the risk and consider the inflow variations in this type of systems.

Abstract
This paper addresses the location of parking lots (PLs) to be used for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) by using a probabilistic traffic model and taking into account the PL participation in electricity markets. The PLs are used both for grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid. The system includes private or public charging stations only used for PEV charging. The traffic model considers the partitioning of the territory into areas. The case study is based on traffic and market data referring to Italy.

Abstract

Abstract
Torrefaction of Biomass for Energy Applications: From Fundamentals to Industrial Scale explores the processes, technology, end-use, and economics involved in torrefaction at the industrial scale for heat and power generation. Its authors combine their industry experience with their academic expertise to provide a thorough overview of the topic. Starting at feedstock pretreatment, followed by torrefaction processes, the book includes plant design and operation, safety aspects, and case studies focusing on the needs and challenges of the industrial scale. Commercially available technologies are examined and compared, and their economical evaluation and life cycle assessment are covered as well. Attention is also given to non-woody feedstock, alternative applications, derived fuels, recent advances, and expected future developments. For its practical approach, this book is ideal for professionals in the biomass industry, including those in heat and power generation. It is also a useful reference for researchers and graduate students in the area of biomass and biofuels, and for decision makers, policy makers, and analysts in the energy field. Compares efficiency and performance of different commercially available technologies from the practical aspects of daily operation in an industrial scale plant. Presents a cost analysis of the production, logistics, and storage of torrefied biomass. Includes case studies addressing challenges that may occur in the daily operation in an industrial scale plant. Covers other associated technologies, the densification of torrefied biomass, and non-woody feedstock.

Abstract
Spreadsheets are used in professional business contexts to make decisions based on collected data. Usually, these spreadsheets are developed by end users (e. g. accountants) in an ad-hoc way. The effect of this practice is that the business logic of a concrete spreadsheet is not explicit to them. Thus, its correctness is hard to assess and users have to trust. We present an approach where structure and computational behavior of a spreadsheet are specified by a model with a process-like notation based on combining pre-defined functional spreadsheet services with typed interfaces. This allows for a consistent construction of a spreadsheet by defining its structure and computational behavior as well as filling it with data and executing the defined computational behavior. Thus, concrete spreadsheets are equipped with a specification of their construction process. This supports their understanding and correct usage, even in case of legacy spreadsheets. The approach has been developed in cooperation with an industrial partner from the automotive industry.