Carlos Miguel Costa

Abstract
The self-localization of mobile robots in the environment is one of the most fundamental problems in the robotics navigation field. It is a complex and challenging problem due to the high requirements of autonomous mobile vehicles, particularly with regard to the algorithms accuracy, robustness and computational efficiency. In this paper, we present a comparison of three of the most used map-matching algorithms applied in localization based on natural landmarks: our implementation of the Perfect Match (PM) and the Point Cloud Library (PCL) implementation of the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) and the Normal Distribution Transform (NDT). For the purpose of this comparison we have considered a set of representative metrics, such as pose estimation accuracy, computational efficiency, convergence speed, maximum admissible initialization error and robustness to the presence of outliers in the robots sensors data. The test results were retrieved using our ROS natural landmark public dataset, containing several tests with simulated and real sensor data. The performance and robustness of the Perfect Match is highlighted throughout this article and is of paramount importance for real-time embedded systems with limited computing power that require accurate pose estimation and fast reaction times for high speed navigation. Moreover, we added to PCL a new algorithm for performing correspondence estimation using lookup tables that was inspired by the PM approach to solve this problem. This new method for computing the closest map point to a given sensor reading proved to be 40 to 60 times faster than the existing k-d tree approach in PCL and allowed the Iterative Closest Point algorithm to perform point cloud registration 5 to 9 times faster. © 2018 Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract
In this paper, we present a comparison between the older DSTV file format and the newer version of the IFC standard, dedicating special attention of its impact in the robotization of welding and cutting processes in the steel structure fabrication industry. In the last decade, we have seen in this industry a significant increase in the request for automation. These new requirements are imposed by a market focused on the productivity enhancement through automation. Because of this paradigm change, the information structure and workflow provided by the DSTV format needed to be revised, namely the one related with the plan and management of steel fabrication processes. Therefore, with this work we enhance the importance of the increased digitalization of information that the newer version of the IFC standard provide, by showing how this information can be used to develop advanced robotic cells. More in detail, we will focus on the automatic generation of robot welding and cutting trajectories, and in the automatic part assembly planning during components fabrications. Besides these advantages, as this information is normally described having as base a perfect CAD model of the metallic structure, the resultant robot trajectories will have some dimensional error when fitted with the real physical component. Hence, we also present some automatic approaches based on a laser scanner and simple heuristics to overcome this limitations.

Abstract