Abstract
The coastal zone is a dynamic area in which processes with different origins and scales interact. Several techniques can be used for coastal zone monitoring. Remote sensing is a powerful tool for monitoring coastal processes and oastal areas. The quality of coastal water is a very important issue, and remote sensing optical sensors can be used to quantify water quality parameters such as suspended sediments. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the total suspended matter (TSM) concentration with multispectral satellite images. To extract meaningful information, the satellite data need to be validated with in situ measurements. The main objective of this work was to quantify TSM concentrations in the breaking zone with in situ measurements. In situ validation is important for the accuracy of correlations established. A section of the northwest coast of Portugal, near Aveiro city, was chosen as a test area, and all in situ measurements were done in this area. Several in situ techniques have been used to establish a relationship between seawater reflectance and TSM concentration for the range of wavelengths from 400 to 900 nm. Empirical relationships were established for equivalent reflectance values by SPOT/HRVIR (high-resolution visible Terra/ASTER (advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer), and Landsat TM (thematic mapper) at visible and near-infrared equivalent bands and TSM concentrations. The reflectance values were used to estimate TSM concentration with the use of the relationships established by in situ measurement. The reflectance of all bands of the satellite images tested showed high correlation with TSM in the wavelengths between 500 and 900 nm. The water leaving equivalent reflectance for each sensor equivalent band in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths was calculated, and a relationship between seawater reflectance and TSM concentration was established. The model coefficients and correlation factors for identical bands on different sensors presented good similarity. The work presented shows that TSM concentration in the breaking zone can be obtained directly from simulated multispectral satellite data. However, in situ measurements are essential to calibrate the process and establish the empirical relationships between TSM concentration and water leaving reflectance. The same empirical relationships found with in situ measurements will be used to estimate the TSM concentrations directly from real satellite data to try to quantify the sedimentary balance in the study area for the period of the satellite data.

Abstract

Abstract
Graphical user interfaces (GUls) make software easy to use by providing the user with visual controls. Therefore, correctness of GUI's code is essential to the correct execution of the overall software. Models can help in the evaluation of interactive applications by allowing designers to concentrate on its more important aspects. This paper describes our approach to reverse engineer an abstract model of a user interface directly from the GUI's legacy code. We also present results from a case study. These results are encouraging and give evidence that the goal of reverse engineering user interfaces can be met with more work on this technique.

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Abstract
The Von Mises-Fisher distribution defined on the hypersphere is one of the most used distributions for modelling vectorial data. If we reject the uniform distribution as a model for vectorial data, then the Von Mises-Fisher distribution is an alternative model. So we use this distribution as an alternative hypothesis in the study of the power of some tests of uniformity for some dimensions of the sphere.

Abstract
Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy sets (A-IFSs) have been used recently to determine the optimal threshold value for gray-level image segmentation [1]. Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy index values are used for representing the unknowledge/ignorance of an expert on determining whether a pixel of the image belongs to the background or the object of the image. This optimal global threshold of the image is computed automatically, regardless of the actual image analysis process. Although global optimal thresholding techniques give good results under experimental conditions, when dealing with real images having several objects and the segmentation purpose is to point out some application-specific information, one should use heuristic techniques in order to obtain better thresholding results. This paper introduces an evolution of the above mentioned technique intended for use with such images. The proposed approach takes into account the image and segmentation specificities by using a two-step procedure, with a restricted set of the image gray-levels. Preliminary experimental results and comparison with other methods are presented.