Abstract
Variable-length codes, using source statistical features, improve the encoding. However, using these codes can results in error propagation in bit string transmitted to noisy transmission environments. This paper has used reversible symmetrical codes in the bit string obtained from JPEG compressor in order to overcome this problem. several examples of reversible code design algorithm have been reviewed and a symmetrical code based on Huffman code has been analyzed and deigned for JPEG compressor Jpeg compressor has been simulated by Huffman standard code and by reversible symmetrical code and the amount of their compression has been compared for several pictures Also, optimization of detection trend in noisy condition has been displayed. © 2009 IEEE.

Abstract
In a world with a global market that is continually increasing, the productivity management plays an important key role to keep the competitiveness. The productivity can be achieved through the availability that can be increased through the adoption of efficient maintenance practices, by focusing the organisations on adequate type of maintenance strategy. Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) uses primarily non destructive testing techniques, as environmental indicators, visual inspection, monitoring functioning variables and performance data. This kind of maintenance replaces tasks of scheduled maintenance by warranted interventions predicted by on-condition limits previously defined. The interventions occur only when the equipments presents abnormal symptoms. The intervals of CBM are determined based on the expected delay to fail and are managed through the frequency by which the predictive interventions have to be done. The technological advances are accepted and applied on CBM systems, which includes improved knowledge of failure mechanisms, advancements in, failure forecasting techniques, monitoring and sensor devices, diagnostic and prognostic software, communication protocols, and computer networking technologies. The measurement precision and sensitivity of the Condition Monitoring (CM) techniques are used because they affect the reaction time available to reduce or eliminate the consequences of the functional failure. CBM maintenance tasks must be applicable under the situation of cost effective improvement, including external costs. The base of development of this paper is supported by an integrated system called SMIT (Terology Integrated Modular System), that permits to manage the maintenance itself, including on-condition maintenance, but it is modular enough to permit to associate new features, namely this last approach, in order to maintain the system up-to-date and, always possible, to anticipate the future.

Abstract
In this paper we examine prior research, which has been studying the effects of switching costs on customer retention, within online and offline markets. The empirical studies in the area reveal contrasting results: (1) switching costs are a stronger predictor of customer retention than customer satisfaction alone; (2) the main effect of switching costs moderates the relationship between satisfaction and customer retention; (3) conversely, the lack of main effects reflects the interaction effects indicating that switching costs have an even greater impact on customer retention than under satisfaction variation levels. These power asymmetries reveal a conflicting role of switching costs across industry and marketplaces. We also observe a significant bias in favor of service industries with high switching costs. Based on this meta-analytical research we propose a theoretical base to support the path structural relationship between the constructs providing a nomological framework to future research. Finally we draw some conclusions, suggest future research directions and make managerial recommendations. © 2009 IADIS.

Abstract
This work presents a procedure to automate the design of Si-integrated radio frequency (RF) discrete tuning varactors (RFDTVs). The synthesis method, which is based on evolutionary algorithms, searches for optimum performance RF switched capacitor array circuits that fulfill the design restrictions. The design algorithm uses the c-dominance concept and the maximin sorting scheme to provide a set of different Solutions (circuits) well distributed along an optimal front in the parameter space (circuit size and component values). Since all the solutions present the same performance, the designer call Select the circuit that is best suited to be implemented in a particular integration technology. To assess the performance of the synthesis procedure, several RFDTV circuits, provided by the algorithm, were designed and simulated rising a 0.18 mu m CMOS technology and the Cadence Virtuoso Design Platform. The comparisons between the algorithm and circuit; simulation results show that they are very close, pointing out that; the proposed design procedure is a powerful design tool.

Abstract
Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) systems are based in drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models implemented in an algorithm to drive an infusion pump. Infusion control algorithms have been designed, implemented and validated for several anesthetic drugs, devices and controllers. The maintenance phase in these algorithms is represented by an equation that compensates the loss of drug from the central compartment and maintains the set target concentration. The goal of the current study was to improve existing TCI software with a new method for the maintenance phase. We compared and analyzed two different methods to find the more efficient method for the maintenance phase in an open-loop control TCI system.

Abstract
Nowadays there is a visible shift from product-oriented economy towards service-oriented economy. This shift relates to a huge pressure on innovation in services and new offerings to the market. Concurrently with this shift, capabilities of IT/software tools are increasing rapidly. Such movements are opening new space in the dynamic market and are encouraging new ventures to be founded. A challenge for managers and leaders is to design processes and set/manage an internal environment that inherently supports creativity and cooperation between team members in new ventures. In this paper, we characterize a management model named INnovation&COoperation (INCO) suitable for innovative software start-ups. We propose that the management processes and leadership of such enterprises have to have six distinctive qualities to support innovation and cooperation of team members. Proposed qualities are as follows: (1) network-hierarchical organizational structure; (2) assessment function of added value; (3) context awareness; (4) equal opportunities; (5) portfolio project management and uniformity; (6) embedded feedback. We believe that these qualities are essential for setting up a dynamic and flexible enterprise in the long-term perspective. A case study of a spin-off from Masaryk University, Czech Republic, is used to illustrate and validate this proposal in practice. This IT/software SME follows a network-hierarchical organizational structure, project team members are assigned dynamic roles and continuous feedback is provided to control and enhance collaboration and creativity.