Abstract
There are already several power systems coping with large amounts of wind power. Hi h penetration of wind power has impacts that have to be manage through proper plant interconnection, integration, transmission planning, and system and market operations. This report is a summary of case studies addressing concerns about the impact of wind power.s variability and uncertainty on power system reliability and costs. The case studies summarized in this report are not easy to compare due to different methodology and data used, as well as different assumptions on the interconnection capacity available. Integration costs of wind power need to be compared to something, like the production costs or market value of wind power, or integration cost of other production forms. There is also benefit when adding wind power to power systems: it reduces the total operating costs and emissions as wind fossil fuels. Severalissues that impact on the amount of wind power that can be integrated have been identified. Large balancing areas and aggregation benefits of large areas help in reducing the variability and forecast errors of wind power as well as help in pooling more cost effective balancing resources. System operation and working electricity markets at less than day-ahead time scales help reduce forecast errors of wind power. Transmission is the key to aggregation benefits, electricity markets and larger balancing areas. From the investigated studies it follows that at wind penetrations of up to 20 % of gross demand (energy), system operating cost increases arising from wind variability and uncertainty amounted to about 1.4 ./MWh. This is 10 % or less of the wholesale value of the wind energy.

Abstract
There has been a great collective effort in the search for perceptually meaningful sound transformation techniques. The transformation of sounds matching target sound descriptors is a promising candidate because the descriptors are thought to capture timbral dimensions corresponding to relevant perceptual features. However, matching the descriptors alone is not enough because there are a large number of perceptually different sounds with the same values of descriptors. In this work, we use evolutionary computation to search for the spectral envelope variation that best matches the target spectral shape descriptors. The result is a more independent control of the descriptors while preserving the overall perceptual features. © July 2009- All copyright remains with the individual authors.

Abstract
In this text is proposed a simple method for estimating or characterize the behaviour of complex systems, in particular when these are being studied throughout simulation. Usual ways of treating the complex output data obtained from the activity (real or simulated) of such a kind of systems, which in many cases people classify and analyse along the time domain, usually the most, complex perspective, is herein substituted by the idea of representing such data in the frequency domain, somehow like what is commonly done in Fourier Analysis and in Quantum Mechanics. This is expected to give the analyst a more holistic perspective oil the system's behaviour, as well as letting him/her choose almost freely the complex states in which such behaviour is to be projected. We hope this will lead to simpler processes in characterizing complex systems.

Abstract

Abstract
We present optical sensors based on slotted multimode interference waveguides. The sensor can be tuned to highest sensitivity in the refractive index ranges necessary to detect protein-based molecules or other water-soluble chemical or biological materials. The material of choice is low-loss silicon oxynitride (SiON) which is highly stable to the reactivity with biological agents and processing chemicals. Sensors made with this technology are suited to high volume manufacturing. Copyright © 2009 M. Mayeh et al.

Abstract
This paper describes the formulations and the solution algorithms developed to include uncertainties in the generation cost function and in the demand on DC OPF studies. The uncertainties are modelled by trapezoidal fuzzy numbers and the solution algorithms are based on multiparametric linear programming techniques. These models are a development of an initial formulation detailed in several publications coauthored by the second author of this paper. Now, we developed a more complete model and a more accurate solution algorithm in the sense that it is now possible to capture the widest possible range of values of the output variables reflecting both demand and generation cost uncertainties. On the other hand, when modelling simultaneously demand and generation cost uncertainties, we are representing in a more realistic way the volatility that is currently inherent to power systems. Finally, the paper includes a case study to illustrate the application of these models based on the IEEE 24 bus test system.