Abstract
We address a classification problem where data are not single-valued, but distributions. The objective is to identify Internet traffic re-direction. Each observation consists of a block of 10 measurements of round-trip-times (RTT) measured at each of a set of probes, and is represented by the corresponding empirical distribution. The proposed approach relies on a method for discriminant analysis of distributional data that uses fractional programming, and where distributions are represented by quantile functions, under specific assumptions. A linear discriminant function is defined, that allows obtaining a score for each unit, in the form of a quantile function. This is then used to classify the units in a priori groups, using the Mallows distance. Results show that proposed approach works well, allowing for the identification of the diverted traffic.

Abstract
Inspecting reflective parts is challenging due to strong specular reflections that conceal small porosities and reduce defect visibility. This work presents a framework that combines augmented reality with a deep learning detector. An augmented reality headset is used to capture multi-view images under natural illumination, enabling the operator to adjust the viewpoint and obtain angles that reduce glare. The collected data form a 640 × 480 dataset used to train a yolov8 detection model, integrated into a Robot Operating System 2 architecture for real-time processing. Testing on an independent set of unseen parts yields a precision of 86.70 %, a recall of 87.26 %, and an F1-score of 86.97 %. Additional qualitative examples confirm that the model can identify low-contrast porosities despite reflective surfaces. The results demonstrate the feasibility of AR-assisted acquisition combined with deep learning for real-time inspection of machined aluminum components in a laboratory case study.

Abstract

Abstract
A central issue in price competition with positive network effects is the potential for small price changes to trigger abrupt chain reactions, leading to market tipping, winner-take-all scenarios, and zero-profit equilibria. We show that in a duopoly where consumers are not anonymous but partitioned into at least two groups, a simple group-based network structure can, by itself, generate downward-sloping demand and support profitable shared-market equilibria. These are subgame-perfect pure price equilibria in which both firms earn strictly positive profit. Triggering a bandwagon effect and tipping the market remains possible, but requires aggressive price deviations, or price shocks, that produce demand jumps. However, this is not always profitable, and the fear of bankruptcy can be sufficient to stabilize firms in equilibrium. The result relies on having one group with centripetal influence (stronger impact on peers) and another with centrifugal influence (stronger impact on outsiders). It requires no additional sources of heterogeneity or product differentiation. This mechanism shows that positive network effects - when group structured - can endogenously generate stability in price competition. The analysis reconciles the coexistence of local stability and the potential for tipping, offering a unified explanation of how markets with strong network effects can sustain both competition and profitability. We draw a parallel to Turing's reaction-diffusion patterns and reinterpret Becker's intuition that social influence can produce stable outcomes, even when demand may exhibit upward-sloping segments.

Abstract
Accurate dynamic modeling of ground robots (Unmanned Ground Vehicles - UGVs) is essential for robust control and navigation in agricultural environments, where variations in soil friction and rolling resistance significantly affect system dynamics. This work proposes a Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) model parameterized by the friction coefficient, identified under different soil conditions using two excitation strategies: Amplitude-Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence (APRBS) and standard maneuvers (SM). A simulated ground robot - the Clearpath Husky - was used under multiple soil friction scenarios within the ROS 2 and Gazebo simulation environment. The results show that the LPV model effectively captures the influence of soil friction, with both LPV APRBS and LPV SM yielding similar RMSE values across scenarios. The results also highlight the feasibility of using SM-based excitation for identifying the robot dynamics.

Abstract
This paper covers the state-of-the-art perception and control technologies in precision spraying and mowing in permanent crops. The search was performed in six different databases, resulting in 1849 publications, from which only 94 were considered for inclusion in this review. The analysis highlighted the importance of canopy characteristics in precision spraying, focusing on parameters like height, width, leaf area, and volume, primarily using LiDAR sensors. Vision sensors also complemented LiDAR-based approaches, with diverse applications such as fruit detection and disease diagnosis. Despite valuable knowledge from studies on spray coverage assessment and real-time smartphone analysis, challenges persist, including dynamic environmental factors and the different collector materials used. Moreover, the review considers the cost of Variable Rate Technology (VRT) solutions in agriculture, enhancing their impact on accessibility, adoption, and sustainability. While conventional herbicide-based weed management prevails, interest in alternative techniques like mechanical mowing and organic mulches is growing, promising improved soil health and reduced environmental impact, particularly in permanent crops. To address these challenges, agricultural robotics play a crucial role in automating precision spraying and mowing, optimizing resource usage, and increasing operational precision. This systematic review highlights the state of precision agriculture in permanent crops and emphasizes the need for continued research and development to improve the sustainability and efficiency of precision spraying and mowing systems in orchards, vineyards, and other woody crop environments.