Abstract
Crowdsourcing has shown to be a valuable problem-solving approach to handle the increasing complexity and scale of tasks for which the current AI algorithms are still struggling. Crowd intelligence can be particularly useful to train and supervise AI systems in a symbiotic, co-evolutionary relationship that raises long-term research challenges to the hybrid, crowd-computing design space. With the increase in the scale of mixed-initiative approaches, we need to gain a better understanding of the implications of crowd-powered systems as a scaffold for AI through the study of massive crowd-machine interactions. In this paper, we identify some open challenges and design implications for future crowd-AI hybrid systems. A framework is also proposed based on the practical challenges of addressing human-centered AI methods and processes.

Abstract
All violinists and violists face the difficulties of playing on a nonsymmetrical instrument, which makes it quite easy to create wrong techniques. A scientific methodology was developed, composed of some simple and repeatable note patterns, and this performance was analyzed in 3D by a MoCap system (Qualisys AB, Sweden) that operates at a sampling frequency of 200 Hz, capturing the positioning of retroreflective markers on the joints of the hand, wrist, left forearm, violin and bow. The resulting data were analysed in Visual 3D software (C-Motion, USA) to extract relevant parameters and metrics. Based on this study, supported by technology, and on a soon-to-be divulged anatomical-functional model of the positioning of the left hand, we are able to state that the right technique leads to less tension and injury, to a better and faster evolution, with less effort, thus being more productive.

Abstract
Smart Governence as its roots in e-government, in the principles of good governance, and in the assumptions of citizens' participation and involvement in public decision-making and is considered one of the six main characteristics of smart cities. The present investigation was intended to answer the question: "What smart governance practices are being implemented in European smart cities" through an extensive literature review and content analysis of the websites of six European smart cities: Amsterdam; Barcelona; Copenhagen; Lisbon; Manchester and Stockholm. The objective was to identify the presence of factors related with e-participation; e-services; and the functioning of local public administration on the city's websites. It was concluded that all the smart cities analyzed presented some factors related with smart governance, but with different levels of development and application.

Abstract
In this chapter, we will describe methods based on simple measurements that allow one to acquire information of diverse nature. Regarding the characterization of optical clearing treatments and evaluation of their efficiency, we discuss a method to obtain the refractive index kinetics of the interstitial ground medium and another method to obtain the kinetics of the scattering properties of a tissue under study. The evaluation of the diffusion properties for the optical clearing agents and water involved in the fluxes between the tissue and the treating solution is also important. To obtain these properties, we describe in Sect. 6.4 a simple ex vivo method, which from collimated transmittance and thickness measurements allows one to estimate the diffusion time and the diffusion coefficient of these fluids. Such method can be used as a complementary diagnostic tool, since it allows also for discrimination between normal and pathological tissues. Also with the objective of obtaining physiological or pathological information from tissues, we describe in Sect. 6.5 the discovery of two new optical clearing windows in the ultraviolet range, which may turn possible the development of new diagnostic or treatment methodologies. © 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Abstract
Optical fiber sensors (OFS) based on long-period fiber gratings (LPFG) or on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) represent attractive solutions for detection systems in remote areas. An interrogation system consisting on wavelength modulation of fiber coupled distributed feedback (DFB) lasers was implemented and tested. The system uses a single photodetector to individually acquire the intensity of each DFB laser modulated by the OFS and the real transmission spectrum is reconstructed through curve fitting. Testing was accomplished by measuring the spectral features of an LPFG when changing the surrounding refractive index and errors lower than 1.8 nm in the 1530 to 1570 nm wavelength region were obtained.

Abstract
The residential sector is one of the sectors with the highest rates of electricity consumption worldwide. For years, many studies have been presented in order to minimize energy consumption at the residential level. The idea of such studies is that the residential customer (RC) is the interested party of their own consumption. Moreover, the algorithms that have been developed to predict and manage the energy consumption, also analyze the behavior of the loads, with the objective of minimizing the energy costs, with good safety, robustness, and comfort levels. In the context of the smart house (SH), one of the objectives of smart grids (SGs) is to enable the RC, with home energy management systems (HEM), to actively participate, allowing for higher reliability at different levels. In this work, a new model that simulates the behavior of an SH, considering heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and sanitarian water heater (SWH) devices, is presented. For this purpose, the proposed model considers realistic physical parameters of the SH, together with customer comfort, in order to mitigate the RC disinterest. The proposed model considers the electric vehicle (EV), a battery-based energy storage system (ESS), a micro production unit, and different types of tariffs that the RC might choose, aiming to maximize the benefits, and temporarily shifting the proposed loads.