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Abstract
Distribution networks are more active due to demand response programs which causes flexible behavior of end-users. This paper proposes an iterative algorithm to transact electricity based on interplay between aggregators and the Distribution Company (DisCo) considering the amount which the bottom-layer of a distribution system can provide from the aggregated end-users. The performance of the proposed trading algorithm was tested on a 33-bus test system for a distribution network. Similations for different scenarios were made to analyze the impact of different flexibility constraints on sustainability of the system and expected cost on distribution grid's player.

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract
Recent studies highlight the ability of inductive architectures to deliver therapeutic magnetic stimuli to target tissues and to be embedded into small-scale intracorporeal medical devices. However, to date, current micro-scale biomagnetic devices require very high electric current excitations (usually exceeding 1 A) to ensure the delivery of efficient magnetic flux densities. This is a critical problem as advanced implantable devices demand self-powering, stand-alone and long-term operation. This work provides, for the first time, a novel small-scale magnetic stimulation system that requires up to 50-fold lower electric current excitations than required by relevant biomagnetic technology recently proposed. Computational models were developed to analyse the magnetic stimuli distributions and densities delivered to cellular tissues during in vitro experiments, such that the feasibility of this novel stimulator can be firstly evaluated on cell culture tests. The results demonstrate that this new stimulative technology is able to deliver osteogenic stimuli (0.1-7 mT range) by current excitations in the 0.06-4.3 mA range. Moreover, it allows coil designs with heights lower than 1 mm without significant loss of magnetic stimuli capability. Finally, suitable core diameters and stimulator-stimulator distances allow to define heterogeneity or quasi-homogeneity stimuli distributions. These results support the design of high-sophisticated biomagnetic devices for a wide range of therapeutic applications.

Abstract
Industry 4.0 is changing disruptively all the industrial processes from their base, and metrology is being challenged by this new 'wave' of rethinking industry. Therefore, new quality control systems are being conceived for measurement purposes, as well as being installed in factories, which represents a huge management challenge, towards handling and processing a large amount of data, as well as developing the required theory for metrology assessment. In this paper, three examples of machine vision systems are presented, which are used to highlight some of the main issues that metrology must deal within this new paradigm. As a main conclusion, every company needs to design its own roadmap towards implementing the adequate methods and processes to be properly adapted and aligned with this new generation of metrology-related systems. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.