Abstract
Non-trivial bidirectional transformations (BXs) are inherently ambiguous, as there are in general many different ways to consistently translate an update from one side to the other. Existing BX languages and frameworks typically satisfy fundamental first principles which ensure acceptable and stable (well-behaved) translation. Unfortunately, these give little insight about how a particular update translation is chosen among the myriad possible. From the user perspective, such unpredictability may hinder the adoption of BX frameworks. The problem can be remedied by imposing a "principle of least change" which, in a state-based framework, amounts to translating each update in a way such that its result is as close as possible to the original state, according to some distance measure. Starting by formalizing such BXs focusing on the particular framework of lenses, this paper discusses whether such least-change lenses can be defined by composition, an essential construct of BX frameworks. For sequential composition, two (dual) update translation alternatives are presented: a classical deterministic one and a nondeterministic. A key ingredient of the approach is the elegant formalization of the main concepts in relation algebra, which exposes several similarities and dualities.

Abstract
Triangular nanowires that present a high birefringence and a very strong confinement were fabricated by tapering suspended-core fibers (SCFs) down to core diameters below 1000 nm. Each nanowire presented a high birefringence with an order of magnitude of 10(-3). As the spectra of the SCF tapers inserted in fiber loop mirrors can be used to generate a sinusoidal interference pattern from the two main modes (fast and slow axis), a nanowire was employed as a sensing element in a Sagnac interferometer for measuring temperature. Temperature sensitivity was determined to be -56.2 pm/K using a triangular nanowire of 810 nm in-circle diameter when compared with that of a conventional untapered SCF whose temperature sensitivity is -2.1 pm/K. (C) 2013 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

Abstract
This chapter consists of a solution for the management of research data at a higher education and research institution. The chapter is based on a small-scale data audit study, which included contacts with researchers and yielded some preliminary requirements and use cases. These requirements led to the design of a data curation workflow involving the researcher, the curator, and a data repository. The authors describe the features of the data repository prototype, which is an extension to the widely used DSpace repository platform and introduced a set of features mentioned by the majority of the interviewed researchers as relevant for a data repository. The data repository platform contributes to the curation workflow at the university, with XML technology at its core-data is stored using XML documents, which can be systematically processed and queried unlike its original-format counterpart. This system is capable of indexing, querying, and retrieving, in whole or in part, datasets represented in tabular form. There is also the possibility of using elements from domain-specific XML schemas for the cataloguing process, improving the interoperability and quality of the deposited data. Copyright (C) 2013, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.

Abstract
eLearning has been evolved in a gradual and consistent way. Along with this evolution several specialized and disparate systems appeared to fulfill the needs of teachers and students such as repositories of learning objects, intelligent tutors, or automatic evaluators. This heterogeneity poses issues that are necessary to address in order to promote interoperability among systems. Based on this fact, the standardization of content takes a leading role in the eLearning realm. This article presents a survey on current eLearning content standards. It gathers information on the most emergent standards and categorizes them according three distinct facets: metadata, content packaging and educational design. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013.

Abstract
Empowering distributed entities with decisional and adaptation capabilities is the current trend in control systems operating in highly changing environments. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is a paradigm addressing this challenge as it allows the integration of both physical and decisional parts. By acting in highly changing environments, these complex control systems must be resilient. This paper proposes a trust and risk management mechanism to be deployed in CPS for resilience improvement. This mechanism, inspired by social and biological behaviour, is deployed in a smart-grid demonstrator. The preliminary results show that embedding this mechanism into distributed entities can lead to an increase of the system stability and efficiency dealing with system uncertainty and perturbations, and consequently improving the system resilience.

Abstract
There still are many clinical and biological aspects of the natural history of cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract to be unveiled; which in Brazil is a direct consequence of the failure of systematic prevention and early diagnosis campaigns. Objective: To analyze the signs and symptoms presented by patients with the disease at initial and advanced stages. Other variables such as disease duration, general and nutritional status were considered. Method: A historical cohort study with a cross-section involving 895 subjects with cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. Results: Clinical findings were not statistically correlated with disease progression, nor with the disease in early stages, but it showed rapid disease development. Conclusion: The results suggest a disease of insidious onset in the early stages and fast course afterwards. The long disease duration - greater than three months, was associated with worsening in general and nutritional states of patients.