Abstract
Smart grid can be expressed as a combination of power network substructures with an extensive telecommunication network which is able to provide a two-way communication and use of advanced sensors in order improve efficiency, system reliability, transport security, and power consumption. Loads in this network are divided into two groups, linear and non-linear. The majority of these loads on the network, such as rectifiers, electric vehicles are non-linear. The non-linear loads can cause odd harmonics in the network and can damage transformers. In this article, management and planning of hybrid vehicles for total harmonic index reduction and also annual cost reduction has been considered.

Abstract
This paper takes a fresh look at the topic of trace semantics in the theory of coalgebras. In the last few years, two approaches, somewhat incomparable at first sight, captured successfully in a coalgebraic setting trace semantics for various types of transition systems. The first development of coalgebraic trace semantics used final coalgebras in Kleisli categories and required some non-trivial assumptions, which do not always hold, even in cases where one can reasonably speak of traces (like for weighted automata). The second development stemmed from the observation that trace semantics can also arise by performing a determinization construction and used final coalgebras in Eilenberg-Moore categories. In this paper, we develop a systematic study in which the two approaches can be studied and compared. Notably, we show that the two different views on trace semantics are equivalent, in the examples where both approaches are applicable.

Abstract
The rational use of energy and energy-efficient environmental public street lighting is an important topic. In the design of new public lighting installations, national regulations containing energy-efficient guidelines are already used. Nevertheless, either in new installations or in reconstructions of existing lighting, designers do not generally consider all the available means to save energy. In installations of street lighting, energy consumption can be reduced by reducing the losses in the conductors, associated with the efficiency of the equipment, allowing better use of the available energy. The losses in the conductors must be analysed in conjunction with all the loads that contribute to the current in the sections of the installed street lighting. When opting for more efficient lamps and luminaires or lighting control systems, the current decreases in the sections covered with the most significant power loss due to proportionality with the square of the current. This decrease, often forgotten, is considered in this work in the investment analysis of efficiency and sustainable street lighting via simulation and experimental results. This analysis, combined with the features and operating parameters of the electrical installation, accounts for all the gains that can make a difference in the choice of efficient street lighting. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Abstract

Abstract
In this study a novel two-stage stochastic programming based day-ahead joint energy and reserve scheduling model is developed. Demand-side as a reserve resource is explicitly modeled through responsive load aggregations, as well as large industrial consumers that directly participate in the scheduling procedure. Furthermore, a risk-hedging measure is introduced, namely the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR), to analyze the behavior of energy and reserve scheduling by both the generation and the demand-side for a risk-averse ISO. The proposed methodology is tested on the practical non-interconnected insular power system of Crete, Greece, which is characterized by a significant penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES).