Teresa Ponce Leão

Abstract
In order to promote a low-carbon economy, EU citizens may soon be able to check their electricity consumption from smart meter. It is hoped that smart meter can, by providing real-time consumption and pricing information to residential users, help reducing demand for electricity. It is argued in this paper that, according the Elaborative Likelihood Model (ELM), these methods are most likely to be effective when consumers perceive the issue of energy conservation relevant to their lives. Nevertheless, some fundamental characteristics of these methods result in limited amount of perceived personal relevance; for instance, energy expenditure expense may be relatively small comparing to other household expenditure like mortgage and consumption information does not enhance interpersonal trust. In this paper, it is suggested that smart meter can apply the 'nudge' approaches which respond to ELM as the use of simple rules to make decision, which include the change of feedback delivery.

Abstract
The reactive power capability of wind generation (WG) producers can be used to provide volt/voltampere reactive (var) support in electrical distribution systems. In practice, the distribution network operator (DNO) is not able to dispatch reactive power of all generators, and such units are referred to as nondispatchable generators. Then, the reactive power of these nondispatchable generators is not a defined value, and it should accomplish the limits settled by national grid codes. This paper addresses the optimal reactive power provision of nondispatchable WG units under a loss allocation strategy based on incremental generation use of the system (GUoS) tariffs. The optimization problem is set from generators' viewpoint aiming to find the reactive power provision that minimizes the loss charges subject to operational constraints. Optimal solutions are compared with the DNOs mandatory dispatches using a reactive optimal power flow tool. Two test systems are analyzed: a 10-kV 28 bus and 60-kV 55- bus system throughout 672 and 168 h, respectively. The proposal permits to identify which units can be dispatched by the DNO due to its effect on the network.

Abstract

Abstract
Different ex-post methodologies have been proposed to allocate network losses. Under day-ahead pool-based electricity markets, the implementation of these procedures implies an access-pricing framework based on half-hour or hourly locational prices. Since every allocation procedure modifies the locational prices in a different way, the initial market equilibrium point is altered as a result of the price elasticity of demand. This implies that some form of cross-subsidy appears among market agents, affecting economic variables as social welfare and network remuneration. This paper aims to contribute to the regulatory assessment by means of an analysis based on the social welfare theory in order to ensure a non-discriminatory access to the network. A base scenario is obtained through an optimal power flow study with the purpose of simulating an efficient energy market, and four allocation philosophies have been considered: incremental, roll-in-embedded, tracing based and cir

Abstract
The substitution method is a simply procedure widely applied for loss pricing in real distribution systems with distributed generation. Some drawbacks have been pointed out about the consistency and appropriateness of this method and new and more complex procedures based upon cost-causality approach have been introduced in the literature. In this work, the substitution method is revisited and reformulated including a new performance index with the aim of produce an equitable sharing of the benefits or added costs introduced by distributed generators. Under certain assumptions, the proposal can emulate the solution provided by a marginal or incremental approach fulfilling some requirements for an effective loss allocation policy as facility to understand and apply, ensure recovery of losses and send out economical signals to agents. This proposal represents an practical alternative for access pricing in distribution networks with high penetration of distributed generatio