Ricardo Rocha

Abstract
A key aspect of any hash map design is the problem of dynamically resizing it in order to deal with hash collisions. Compression in tree-based hash maps is the ability of reducing the depth of the internal hash levels that support the hash map. In this context, elasticity refers to the ability of automatically resizing the internal data structures that support the hash map operations in order to meet varying workloads, thus optimizing the overall memory consumption of the hash map. This work extends a previous lock-free hash trie map design to support elastic hashing, i.e., expand saturated hash levels and compress unused hash levels, such that, at each point in time, the number of levels in a path is adjusted, as closely as possible, to the set of keys that is stored in the data structure. To materialize our design, we introduce a new compress operation for hash levels, which requires redesigning the existing search, insert, remove and expand operations in order to maintain the lock-freedom property of the data structure. Experimental results show that elasticity effectively improves the search operation and, in doing so, our design becomes very competitive when compared to other state-of-the-art designs implemented in Java.

Abstract
Multi-core and highly connected architectures have become ubiquitous, and this has brought renewed interest in language-based approaches to the exploitation of parallelism. Since its inception, logic programming has been recognized as a programming paradigm with great potential for automated exploitation of parallelism. The comprehensive survey of the first twenty years of research in parallel logic programming, published in 2001, has served since as a fundamental reference to researchers and developers. The contents are quite valid today, but at the same time the field has continued evolving at a fast pace in the years that have followed. Many of these achievements and ongoing research have been driven by the rapid pace of technological innovation, that has led to advances such as very large clusters, the wide diffusion of multi-core processors, the game-changing role of general-purpose graphic processing units, and the ubiquitous adoption of cloud computing. This has been paralleled by significant advances within logic programming, such as tabling, more powerful static analysis and verification, the rapid growth of Answer Set Programming, and in general, more mature implementations and systems. This survey provides a review of the research in parallel logic programming covering the period since 2001, thus providing a natural continuation of the previous survey. In order to keep the survey self-contained, it restricts its attention to parallelization of the major logic programming languages (Prolog, Datalog, Answer Set Programming) and with an emphasis on automated parallelization and preservation of the sequential observable semantics of such languages. The goal of the survey is to serve not only as a reference for researchers and developers of logic programming systems but also as engaging reading for anyone interested in logic and as a useful source for researchers in parallel systems outside logic programming.

Abstract
Hash tries are a trie-based data structure with nearly ideal characteristics for the implementation of hash maps. In this paper, we present a novel, simple and scalable hash trie map design that fully supports the concurrent search, insert and remove operations on hash maps. To the best of our knowledge, our proposal is the first that puts together the following characteristics: (i) be lock free; (ii) use fixed size data structures; and (iii) maintain the access to all internal data structures as persistent memory references. Our design is modular enough to allow different types of configurations aimed for different performances in memory usage and execution time and can be easily implemented in any type of language, library or within other complex data structures. We discuss in detail the key algorithms required to easily reproduce our implementation by others and we present a proof of correctness showing that our proposal is linearizable and lock-free for the search, insert and remove operations. Experimental results show that our proposal is quite competitive when compared against other state-of-the-art proposals implemented in Java.

Abstract
Hash tries are a trie-based data structure with nearly ideal characteristics for the implementation of hash maps. Starting from a particular lock-free hash map data structure, named Lock-Free Hash Tries, we focus on solving the problem of memory reclamation without losing the lock-freedom property. To the best of our knowledge, outside garbage collected environments, there is no current implementation of hash maps that is able to reclaim memory in a lock-free manner. To achieve this goal, we propose an approach for memory reclamation specific to Lock-Free Hash Tries that explores the characteristics of its structure in order to achieve efficient memory reclamation with low and well-defined memory bounds. We present and discuss in detail the key algorithms required to easily reproduce our implementation by others. Experimental results show that our approach obtains better results when compared with other state-of-the-art memory reclamation methods and provides a competitive and scalable hash map implementation, if compared to lock-based implementations.

Abstract
A key aspect of any hash map design is the problem of dynamically resizing it in order to deal with hash collisions. In this context, elasticity refers to the ability to automatically resize the internal data structures that support the hash map operations in order to meet varying workloads, thus optimizing the overall memory consumption of the hash map. This work extends a previous lock-free hash trie design to support elastic hashing, i.e., expand saturated hash levels and compress unused hash levels, such that, at each point in time, the number of levels in a path matches the current demand as closely as possible. Experimental results show that elasticity effectively improves the search operation and, in doing so, our design becomes very competitive when compared to other state-of-the-art designs implemented in Java.