Abstract
Email marketing plays a key role in business communications and is one of the most widely used applications by consumers. The literature review points to several determinants that, when applied, increase the open rate of newsletters. This research evaluates the impact of six determinants of persuasion on the opening rate of a newsletter in the hotel industry. The determinants are the day of sending, the time of sending, subject line personalization, scarcity appeal, curiosity appeal, and authority figure. The chosen methodology focused on real experiments, using a high-end luxury hotel, and the respective customer database. The newsletter was sent to the subscriber list, where one part received the control and the other part received a variant with the test version. Ten A/B tests were conducted for each determinant. The results obtained were not in line with what is indicated in the literature review. Although the literature review yielded results that showed that the application of determinants increased the open rate of newsletters, this study obtained findings to the opposite and did not confirm what was prescribed by the reviewed literature. The results of the A/B tests were conclusive and revealed that the determinants did not increase the open rate of newsletters.

Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the impacts of board size, gender diversity and independence on ESG performance whilst also examining the impact of country-level social trust on such performance. We perform a panel data analysis and the least squares method for a sample of 75 European banks and a time span of 4 years from 2016 to 2019. We find that ESG performance is positively associated with board gender diversity and independence, and negatively associated with board size. Surprisingly, we find a negative relationship between country-level social trust and ESG performance. This is an important finding that we interpret as being related to the loss of confidence in the banking sector in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. To regain such trust, the banking sector is likely to have suffered higher social pressure to engage in ESG activities in countries where social trust is lower. © 2023 by the authors.

Abstract
Classifying papers according to the fields of knowledge is critical to clearly understand the dynamics of scientific (sub)fields, their leading questions, and trends. Most studies rely on journal categories defined by popular databases such as WoS or Scopus, but some experts find that those categories may not correctly map the existing subfields nor identify the subfield of a specific article. This study addresses the classification problem using data from each paper (Abstract, Title, Keywords, and the KeyWords Plus) and the help of experts to identify the existing subfields and journals exclusive of each subfield. These exclusive journals are critical to obtain, through a pattern detection procedure that uses machine learning techniques (from software NVivo), a list of the frequent terms that are specific to each subfield. With that list of terms and with the help of optimization procedures, we can identify to which subfield each paper most likely belongs. This study can contribute to support scientific policy-makers, funding, and research institutions-via more accurate academic performance evaluations-, to support editors in their tasks to redefine the scopes of journals, and to support popular databases in their processes of refining categories.

Abstract
Chatbots are website artificial intelligence-based and automated customer support tools to improve the customer experience, to reduce costs, and to improve service quality. This study aims to understand and analyze the user-technology interaction and technology-engagement success measures to assess online customer engagement with chatbots and the impact on repurchase intention, within e-commerce websites. The sample data consists of 227 online consumer responses collected through an electronic survey. Only 165 respondents, which have used a chatbot to assist the online purchase process, are included in the effective sample. This research contributes to the digital marketing literature by complementing existing research exploring human-technology interactions, assessing how consumers interact with chatbot technology and how it affects customer engagement and behavioral outcomes within e-retail contexts. The study findings provide several challenges for managers. Finally, it discusses emerging trends in the digital marketing field, offering insights for future research avenues. © 2023, IGI Global. All rights reserved.

Abstract
Social media has become a crucial point for brands to establish a connection with their consumers and potential consumers, being many times responsible for developing the need and converting it into a purchase. Thus, it is worth highlighting the role of influencers in social media that affect fashion purchase. Given the growth of sustainable fashion, it is necessary to verify the relationship between influencers and social media and the intention to purchase sustainable fashion. A conceptual model that aims to understand the effect of influencers' characteristics in the intention to purchase sustainable fashion is presented. The results show that consumer knowledge and willingness to pay more are the only factors that positively affect the purchase intention of sustainable fashion. Furthermore, the authors highlight that consumer knowledge is the construct that has a distinctly greater impact on the intention to purchase sustainable fashion. © 2023, IGI Global. All rights reserved.