Abstract
Predictive Maintenance applications are increasingly complex, with interactions between many components. Black-box models are popular approaches due to their predictive accuracy and are based on deep-learning techniques. This paper presents an architecture that uses an online rule learning algorithm to explain when the black-box model predicts rare events. The system can present global explanations that model the black-box model and local explanations that describe why the black-box model predicts a failure. We evaluate the proposed system using four real-world public transport data sets, presenting illustrative examples of explanations.

Abstract
An online data-driven predictive maintenance approach for railway switches using data logs obtained from the interlocking system of the railway infrastructure is proposed in this paper. The proposed approach is detailed described and consists of a two-phase process: anomaly detection and remaining useful life prediction. The approach is applied to and validated in a real case study, the Metro do Porto, from which seven months of data is available. The approach has been revealed to be satisfactory in detecting anomalies. The results open the possibilities for further studies and validation with a more extensive dataset on the remaining useful life prediction.

Abstract
The growing use of data-driven decision systems based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) by governments, companies and social organizations has given more attention to the challenges they pose to society. Over the last few years, news about discrimination appeared on social media, and privacy, among others, highlighted their vulnerabilities. Despite all the research around these issues, the definition of concepts inherent to the risks and/or vulnerabilities of data-driven decision systems is not consensual. Categorizing the dangers and vulnerabilities of data-driven decision systems will facilitate ethics by design, ethics in design and ethics for designers to contribute to responsibleAI. Themain goal of thiswork is to understand which types of AI risks/ vulnerabilities are Ethical and/or Technological and the differences between human vs machine classification. We analyze two types of problems: (i) the risks/ vulnerabilities classification task by humans; and (ii) the risks/vulnerabilities classification task by machines. To carry out the analysis, we applied a survey to perform human classification and the BERT algorithm in machine classification. The results show that even with different levels of detail, the classification of vulnerabilities is in agreement in most cases.

Abstract
The demand for high-performance solutions for anomaly detection and forecasting fault events is increasing in the industrial area. The detection and forecasting faults from time-series data are one critical mission in the Internet of Things (IoT) data mining. The classical fault detection approaches based on physical modelling are limited to some measurable output variables. Accurate physical modelling of vehicle dynamics requires substantial prior information about the system. On the other hand, data-driven modelling techniques accurately represent the system's dynamic from data collection. Experimental results on large-scale data sets from Metro do Porto subsystems verify that our method performs high-quality fault detection and forecasting solutions. Also, health indicator obtained from the principal component analysis of the forecasting solution is applied to predict the remaining useful life.

Abstract

Abstract
Detecting anomalies in Waste transportation networks is vital for uncovering illegal or unsafe activities, that can have serious environmental and regulatory consequences. Identifying anomalies in such networks presents a significant challenge due to the limited availability of labeled data and the subtle nature of illicit activities. Moreover, traditional anomaly detection methods relying solely on individual transaction data may overlook deeper, network-level irregularities that arise from complex interactions between entities, especially in the absence of labeled data. This study explores anomaly detection in a waste transport network using unsupervised learning, enhanced by limited supervision and enriched with network structure information. Initially, unsupervised models like Isolation Forest, K-Means, LOF, and Autoencoders were applied using statistical and graph-based features. These models detected outliers without prior labels. Later, information on a few confirmed anomalous users enabled weak supervision, guiding feature selection through statistical tests like Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Anderson-Darling. Results show that models trained on a reduced, graph-focused feature set improved anomaly detection, particularly under extreme class imbalance. Isolation Forest notably ranked known anomalies highly. Ego network visualizations supported these findings, demonstrating the value of integrating structural features and limited labels for identifying subtle, relational anomalies.