Abstract
This paper describes a new development within the conceptual framework BAYSE (Bayesian State Estimation), which enables the full integration of the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) data with PMU (phasor measurement units) data. It is based on Bayesian inference principles and extends the concept of the prior distributions to accommodate a broad set of past state conditions, under a sliding window approach. By choosing an appropriate window length, the method enhances accuracy under stationary conditions, with a reduced impact under system changes. The work also submits a rectangular coordinates transformation procedure, based on the Jacobian method, to consistently integrate polar coordinates estimations with the PMU linear model (in rectangular coordinates). The paper presents the new approach in proof-of concept mode over a didactic test-bed, using real PMU time series, to emphasize the enhanced accuracy and good asymptotic properties.

Abstract
The power system is facing a transition from its traditional centralized model to a more decentralized one, through the emergence of proactive consumers on the network, known as prosumers. This paradigm shift favors the emergence of new electricity market designs. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) based structures have been gaining prominence worldwide. In the P2P market, the prosumer assumes a more active role in the system, being able to directly trade its energy without the need for intermediaries. This paper contributes with a comprehensive overview of consumer-centric electricity markets, providing background on different aspects of P2P sharing, in particular the inclusion of peer preferences in the electricity trading process through product differentiation. A performance assessment of the different modeled preferences was carried out using key performance indicators (KPIs). Different user preferences under the product differentiation mechanism were simulated. The results demonstrate that consumer-centric markets increase the penetration of renewable energy sources into the network and tend to affect loads flexibility according to the renewable generation.

Abstract
One of the major barriers for the retailers is to understand the consumption elasticity they can expect from their contracted demand response (DR) clients. The current trend of DR products provided by retailers are not consumer-specific, which poses additional barriers for the active engagement of consumers in these programs. The elasticity of consumers' demand behavior varies from individual to individual. The utility will benefit from knowing more accurately how changes in its prices will modify the consumption pattern of its clients. This work proposes a functional model for the consumption elasticity of the DR contracted consumers. The model aims to determine the load adjustment the DR consumers can provide to the retailers or utilities for different price levels. The proposed model uses a Bayesian probabilistic approach to identify the actual load adjustment an individual contracted client can provide for different price levels it can experience. The developed framework provides the retailers or utilities with a tool to obtain crucial information on how an individual consumer will respond to different price levels. This approach is able to quantify the likelihood with which the consumer reacts to a DR signal and identify the actual load adjustment an individual contracted DR client provides for different price levels they can experience. This information can be used to maximize the control and reliability of the services the retailer or utility can offer to the System Operators. (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Abstract
Fundamental electricity market models tend to underestimate the real market prices because they do not properly represent the real variable production cost of the generation units, nor the strategic markup that generation companies add to their costs to price the offered energy. This markup can increase bid prices above the marginal cost of the generation units, which may leave bids out of the market, decreasing the total cleared production, but increasing the final market price. This paper proposes a simple procedure, based on the real market outcomes, to estimate these markups and improve CEVESA MIBEL market model by reducing the gap between the simulated and the real market prices.

Abstract
This paper proposes a real time Walrasian based market design for local electricity trading, considering the roles of the different players, the settlement procedures, and the necessary balance responsibilities with the wholesale market under collective self-consumption rules. A Walrasian mechanism based on consecutive auctions for very short delivery periods is proposed, where the auctioneer defines a price for each of these delivery periods to which peers react by generating and consuming accordingly and informing if they trade with the auctioneer or with their retailer or aggregator. This market has no energy purchase contracts, and energy is billed based on each peer's generation or consumption for each delivery period with the price defined by the auctioneer. © 2022 IEEE.

Abstract
This paper investigates the contribution of hydrogen electrolysers (HEs) as highly controllable loads in the context of the Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR), in future operation scenarios on the Iberian Peninsula (IP). The research question is whether HEs can mitigate system insecurity regarding frequency or Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) in critical periods of high renewable energy penetration (i.e. low system inertia), due to the fact that these periods will coincide with high volume of green hydrogen production. The proposed simulation platform for analysis consists of a simplified dynamic model developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The results obtained illustrate how HEs can outperform conventional generators on the provision of FCR. It is seen that the reference incident of 1GW loss in the IP in a 2040 low inertia scenario does not lead to insecure values of either frequency or Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF). On the other hand, an instantaneous loss of inverter-based resources (IBR) generation following a short-circuit may result in RoCoF violating security thresholds. The obtained results suggest that the HEs expected to be installed in the IP in 2040 may contribute to reduce RoCoF in this case, although this mitigation may be insufficient. The existing FCR mechanism does not fully exploit the fast-ramping capability of HEs; reducing measurement acquisiton delay would not improve results.