Abstract
In general, distributed generation is not subject to a centralized dispatch and reactive power generation is usually restricted by operation rules defined by the distribution system operators. With the growth of distributed generation and microgrids in distribution networks, the development of voltage control functionalities for these units needs to be investigated. This requires a new operation philosophy to exploit reactive power generation capability of distributed generation and microgeneration with the objective of optimizing network operation: minimize active power losses and maintain voltage profiles within adequate margins. This implies that distributed generation should adjust their reactive power generation, i.e. supply an ancillary service of voltage and reactive power control. In addition to the growth in distributed generation penetration, microgeneration is expected to develop considerably and contribute to the implementation of efficient voltage control schemes. For this new scenario, a hierarchical voltage control scheme must be implemented, using communication and control possibilities that will be made available for microgrid operation. Technical advantages and feasibility of this operation philosophy are investigated in this chapter by analyzing the impact of the proposed control procedures on distribution networks. In addition, the identification of control action needs is assessed by solving an optimization problem, where voltage profiles are improved and active power losses minimized, subject to a set of technical constraints. The solution for this problem is obtained using an Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. The control algorithm implemented will enable dealing even with extreme situations, where reactive power control is not sufficient to maintain system operation and therefore generation shedding actions must be performed.

Abstract
The 2001/77/CE Renewable Energies European Directive together with Kyoto Protocol ratification supported by a government vision and strong objective on the reduction of external oil dependence put Portugal in the front line to achieve one of the highest wind energy penetrations within 10 years' time. This paper gives a summarized overview of the Portuguese technical approaches and methodologies followed in order to plan and accommodate the ambitious wind power goals to 2010/2013, preserving the overall quality of the power system. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract

Abstract
All over the world, energy companies are investing in technologies to make better use of renewable energy to generate electric power. Wind energy is the renewable energy source that had a higher growing in the last decades and can be considered a hope in future based on dean and sustainable energy. The development of tools that allows operators and maintenance personnel to correlate machinery related information with other operational information such as machine speed, electrical load, and wind speed, are needed.

Abstract
In a competitive world such as ours, students must be prepared beforehand to be autonomous, industrious and skilful. Problem-based learning (PBL) is a methodology that can help the students to explore and put to use their own resources, and it can be applied to a wide range of students and subject matters. The project incorporates aspects of electrical engineering and computing skills. This study is dedicated to the learning process to help students to deal with the complexity of an electric power network. This study has conducted a new methodology in educational research by adopting technology for teaching and learning. PBL, as an instructional strategy of active learning, was used and adapted for use in Analysis in Electrical Power Systems programme. This methodology addresses many of the concerns of teachers and professional organizations. Above all, it encourages students to be in charge of their education. It emphasizes critical thinking skills, understanding, learning how to learn, and working cooperatively with others. The benefits of PBL in the Electrical Power Systems course are seen in the way students improved the study and analysis of the security in an electrical power system. This method can also be seen as a benefit for Electric Power Systems where educators strive for improved teaching and learning.

Abstract
The aim of the SOCRATES EIE-Surveyor project is to be a reference point for Electrical and Information Engineering in Europe. The project brings together representatives from 27 out of 31 eligible countries. One of the tasks of the project is the evaluation of the accreditation processes in the participating countries. A questionnaire about the accreditation process was developed and sent to project partners in each participating country. The main areas investigated the nature of the accreditation body, the criteria, which are evaluated, the structure of the visit and the decision formulation. A first analysis shows that some countries have not yet introduced a formal accreditation process. These countries are generally in a transition situation in relation to introducing the Bologna process. In some other countries several accreditation bodies exist depending on the region or the nature of the institution. It also appears that the accreditation for masters degrees is not yet compulsory everywhere. Other issues regarding the accreditation process that are also being considered relate to who pays the expenses in relation to the accreditation process, what is the relationship between the ECTS and the actual content and level of the courses and whether or not industrial placement is a compulsory component of the programme.