Abstract
State estimator is vital for on-line power system monitoring, analysis and control. With the increasing use of synchronized phasor measurement units (PMU) in power grids, how to utilize phasor measurements to improve the precision of state estimator becomes imperative. In this paper, a state estimator including voltage phasors, injected current phasors and traditional measurements is proposed. 14 IEEE bus system and 30 IEEE bus system are used as test systems and the simulation results demonstrate that the presented state estimation algorithm combining traditional SCADA measurements with PMU (Phasor Measurement Unit) measurements for power system state estimation improves the precision greatly. © 2011 INESC Coimbra.

Abstract

Abstract
In this article, we propose a linear parameterization (LP) for representing the friction in the tire-road interface, suitable for on-line Identification. This model was obtained by employing function approximation techniques, which results in an optimization problem to minimize the fitting error between the LP and the nonlinear Burckhardt model. Compared with others LPs proposed in the literature, the optimal LP features a reduced number of parameters and good approximation capabilities. Moreover, the proposed model can be identified though linear Identification techniques, simplifying the on-line peak friction estimation. Simulation results obtained with a vehicle simulator demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed parameterization. © 2011 IFAC.

Abstract
In this paper, a detailed description of a control architecture for managing the DC link control of EVs with multiple energy sources is presented. The proposed topology allows the control of the power flow among supercapacitors and batteries, while ensuring the regulation of the DC link voltage, thanks to a cascade of voltage and current linear controllers. A simple analytical study is provided to illustrate the tuning guidelines for the current and voltage, based on proportional + integral controllers. A prototype system has been designed and built in reduced scale hardware to analyze the performance of the proposed control system. The experimental results are in accordance with the simulations and demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed control technique. © 2011 IEEE.

Abstract
This article is concerned with the design of an energy management system (EMS) for the hybridization of multiple energy sources (ES's) in electric vehicles, focusing in a particular configuration composed by batteries and supercapacitors (SCs). As a first design step, we investigated an (non-causal) optimal power allocation, targeting the minimization of the energy losses over a complete driving cycle. Albeit the solution obtained with this formulation demands the advance knowledge of the vehicle driving cycle, it also provides a useful benchmark solution to assess the performance of causal EMS's. A more practical EMS is then derived, based on the control allocation (CA) concept. This approach, typically employed in redundant control systems, enable us to address the various objectives and constraints that appear in EMS design problem, such as the DC bus voltage regulation, SC state of charge tracking, minimization of power losses, current and state of charge limits, etc. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed CA based EMS, yielding performances very close to the optimal non-causal power allocation. © 2011 IEEE.

Abstract
In the last years we have witnessed a growing interest, by the academic community and the automotive industry, in the multi-motor electric vehicles. The electrical nature of the propulsion is going to stress even more an increasing insertion of electronic devices in the vehicles. Furthermore, carmakers are performing research and already presented some vehicles based on the concept of X-By-Wire. Consequently, the growing complexity of the actuators and their control, as well as the need of increasing the safety and reliability of the vehicles obliges to the study and development of intelligent computational systems dedicated to the detection and diagnosis of failures in the electric propulsion. Hence, it is fundamental to start advanced studies leading to the development of innovative solutions that embed fault-tolerant electric propulsion in the electric vehicles. Accordingly, the main objective of this work consists on the bibliographic revision and study of fault-tolerant diagnosis and control systems dedicated to multi-motor electric vehicles.