Abstract
The main goal of this paper is to present a set of well-defined and structured procedures to establish guidelines for the application of an integrated assessment of energy performance and indoor climate in schools. Increasing the knowledge about how energy is consumed in schools is a way to enhance the awareness of school managers (board of directors) about the importance of improving energy efficiency and reducing energy costs. The proposed methodology helps to identify major energy consuming equipment in school buildings and potential energy conservation measures. The assessment of indoor climate identifies potential corrective measures to problems related to indoor air quality and thermal comfort, also supporting the study of further energy conservation measures associated with ensuring environmental quality. Results of a case study showed that the expected energy consumption reduction is about 11.2% due to a better usage of daylighting and 4.5% due to the reduction of fresh air flow rates, while extending the ventilation operation time. In addition, there is a considerable non-calculated potential for energy savings and improvement of indoor environmental conditions in school buildings, promoting students and teachers productivity and wellbeing.

Abstract

Abstract
This letter is an enhancement to our previous paper that quantifies additional reinforcement costs (ARCs) for low-voltage assets under moderate degree of three-phase imbalance. The original formulas cause an overestimation of the ARCs under severe imbalance. This letter first quantifies the threshold of the severe degree of imbalance (DIB), below which the original formulas are applicable. Then, the ARC formulas are extended to account for the whole range of DIB. Case studies demonstrate that when the asset loading level is below 33.3% (50%) for a feeder (a transformer), the DIB never exceeds the threshold and the original ARC formulas are applicable; otherwise, the DIB can exceed the threshold and the extended formulas yield correct ARCs.

Abstract
In this paper, typical strengths, fault levels, and source impedances are thoroughly analyzed and calculated for the study of quality of supply in 230/400 V 50 Hz distribution systems. Considering all the disparity in distribution network design, this study is based on a comprehensive database containing typical arrangements and equipment in U.K./European systems, as well as on fully documented generic network models supplying four residential load subsectors in the U.K., i.e., from metropolitan to rural areas. Thus, this paper proposes an alternative method for determining reference values of network supply impedances and short-circuit fault levels at different points and locations of the medium-to-low voltage distribution system. The aim of this study is to provide a wider range of benchmark values than those stipulated in the IEC 60725 Standard, which only defines a single-reference threshold of public supply impedances for all types of distribution systems and residential customers. In order to assist network operators in the planning and design of their distribution systems, these values are further disaggregated and classified in this paper according to network/demand type.

Abstract
The current Portuguese Tariff Code dates from December 2014 and requires that the Distribution Network Operators (DSO), submit to the Portuguese Energy Services Regulatory Agency, ERSE, a plan for a pilot experiment and a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) regarding the introduction of dynamic options in the Access Tariffs in Portugal. In view of this request, EDP Distribuicao, the main Portuguese DSO, established a contract with INESC TEC to conduct these studies and to prepare a report to submit to ERSE by June 2016. In this scope, this paper reports the results obtained so far namely regarding the CBA analysis. This analysis includes the identification of critical hours during which dynamic tariffs can be activated, the estimate of the impact of demand transfers to adjacent hours on the electricity market Social Welfare Function, on network losses, on the investment network avoided costs due to the possible deferral of reinforcements or expansions and on the costs of contracting reserves. These items were estimated along a period of 15 years and together with the estimate of the implementation costs of dynamic tariffs were used to conduct the mentioned CBA analysis.

Abstract
A considerable number of classic and modern control applications in distribution systems are developed aiming at make the most of the existing infrastructure. Under this perspective, investments postponement in grid upgrade appears as a good expectable result. The advent of smart grids enhances this expectation since it promises ubiquitous system monitoring, secure and trustworthy communication technologies and advanced control schemes. These features will allow the implementation of innovative algorithms for better operation and management of system assets. New possibilities arise for DSM, microgeneration control, electric vehicle charging and intelligent operation of energy storage devices. The scientific literature has countless examples that illustrate the benefits of such tools. A frequent outcome of these studies highlights the advantage of investments deferral in network reinforcement. This paper analyzes the combined effects of these control actions with the investments required for network upgrade, namely in lines and transformers reinforcement. Contrary to other research papers, our results demonstrate that investments deferral could lead frequently to higher costs in a long-term perspective.