Abstract
Internationalization involves an active behavior to compete in international markets. Several theories, as well as several entry modes, have been developed to explain why and how firms compete internationally. Nevertheless, the internationalization process is difficult to implement as it involves not only historical reasons, as well as traditional strategies that sometimes are usually not questioned by the firm. This chapter aims to depict a case study in which a firm is trying to deploy an opportunity-driven internationalization, shifting its traditional modus operandi. The firm is analyzed based on several theories, namely the Uppsala model, the network-based theory, the born globals and the born again globals, and it is possible to conclude that despite its more than 80 years of existence, neither of the four theories can be properly used to explain the firm's international behavior. Moreover, to embrace international challenges, the firm needs to reposition its traditional business behavior.

Abstract
Microcredit programs in Portugal represent a unique case for studying the microcredit repayment determinants in a developed country, as it experienced a financial hardship in 2008-2009, with economic and social consequences that led to unemployment crisis. This research examined the determinants of microcredit loan repayment based on a sample of 752 microcredit loans granted in Portugal by the National Association for the Right to Credit, adopting individual lending mechanisms and granting loans through partnerships with several credit institutions. This is the first study to ascertain the influence that a set of factors - grouped into three categories: borrowers' individual characteristics; loan characteristics; and characteristics of business projects implemented by borrowers - has on the repayment ability of microcredit programs, in a developed country of the Eurozone. Moreover, this is the first study using an ordered logistic regression (OLR) in estimating the determinants of microcredit loan repayment. Similar to previous studies, married borrowers tend to repay loans faster as they tend to be more responsible than single borrowers. Nationality seems to be an issue as foreigners tends to default the repayment loans. Finally, those involved in manufacturing activities perform better than those involved in service activities in repaying their loans. This clearly indicates that in developed countries special attention needs to be provided to minority groups as well as market/supply conditions, which are not normally considered in less favored economic countries.

Abstract
Internationalization is a business strategy that normally aims at expanding the business of the firm outside its domestic market. It may also involve the creation of an integrated network of contacts and partners. The aim of this chapter involves a firm that distributes high-end wines and other alcoholic drinks to the domestic market and is seeking to expand its activities abroad. Taking into account the “nostalgia market,” with many Portuguese living throughout Europe, this chapter seeks to analyze how a Portuguese firm seeks to embrace the internationalization strategy of serving these ex-pats, through local retailers, and afterwards the possibility of serving the market abroad using the contacts so far developed. As such, the firm seeks to serve both the ex-pats and the local market alike. The chapter analyzes the Spanish, French, and German market, and it is possible to conclude that France is the market with the higher likelihood of success, economically and culturally.

Abstract
Despite the growing adoption and acceptance of gamification approaches among firms, the relationship between gamification and the early stage of innovation is confusing and deserves further attention in order to produce added-value exploratory knowledge. This paper puts forward the idea that gamification approaches can support the early stage of innovation by making a cross-comparison of published case studies of firms where gamification was used to address innovation challenges, e.g. use of gamification elements and tools that support the generation of ideas for developing new product concepts or entering new markets. In order to understand and clarify the relationship between gamification and the early stage of innovation, the paper proposes an analytical framework that provides a consistent and organized picture of the use of gamification approaches for innovation purposes. Research findings provide a conceptualization of gamification in the context of the early stage of innovation and demonstrate significant outcomes of these types of approaches with regard to the various forms of engagement, team spirit, consensus building, knowledge transfer, creative thinking and productivity.

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to compare collaborative new product development (CNPD) established by industrial companies with their suppliers and customers, according to their size and the type of innovation generated. To do so, eight in-depth case studies were analyzed, based on semi-structured interviews. The findings show that CNPD with suppliers in more active than with clients. The results also show that firm size is important in CNPD activities namely when product differentiation and large scale production activities are at stake. From another perspective, the results show that the development of processes and management methodologies in upstream activities are not extensively used. The chapter contributes to knowledge about CNPD by comparing how upstream and downstream are affected based on firm size and the type of innovation generated. © 2018, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature.

Abstract
In the increasingly complex service environment, value is cocreated through webs of interactions between provider networks and customer networks. This is evident in healthcare services, where well-being can be achieved only through the joint efforts of professional healthcare networks and patient networks. Addressing the challenge of creating network-level services, the service design for value networks (SD4VN) method designs services as enablers of many-to-many value cocreating interactions among network actors. By integrating previous research on value networks and service design, SD4VN develops a process and a set of models beyond supporting dyadic (customer-service provider) interactions to understanding the interrelated activities, interactions, and goals of network actors and designing services to support the different actors in reaching their goals with balanced centricity. Following a design science research approach, this paper presents the SD4VN method and reports on a case application of the method used to design the Portuguese national electronic health record service Plataforma de Dados da Saude (PDS). The case application involved focus groups, indepth interviews, and participatory design sessions with over 170 participants at different service design stages, showing the importance of designing a balanced, integrated service. The case application also shows how SD4VN can support a wider adoption of the service and improve the health service system.