Abstract
Primary healthcare (PHC) is a fundamental pillar in a health system, and its role has only been enhanced in the COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of COVID-19 required health systems and, in particular, PHCs to develop a constant capacity to adapt and resist adversity. Therefore, it was considered important to identify innovative measures and thus the experience of a family health unit (USF) in Portugal - USF Arte Nova (USFAN) was reported. After carrying out a systematic review of the literature and interviews with the Presidents of the Clinical and Health Councils of five Health Centre Groupings, the measures identified were gathered and compared to the ones carried out by USFAN. Subsequently, the study identified the measures considered to be truly original executed by the health unit. Between the measures presented, the use of an access prioritization score was highlighted, as were daily briefing regarding the management of resources and equipment, qualification of the use of personal protective equipment, the project that aimed to optimize the use of paper; the use of a drive-through method to update the National Vaccination Program; and the daily training and sharing of information about COVID-19. In light of the current pandemic, innovative practices and tools have been created and carried out by the healthcare professionals in response to the growing needs of the population. This shows the resilience of these professionals and constitutes an opportunity to share and implement these tools in other health-care facilities highlighting the continuing chance of improving.

Abstract
This study seeks to assess the academic community's knowledge and perception of open innovation. While the so-called closed innovation is rooted in the discourse of future managers, open innovation, being a relatively recent paradigm, may be an unknown form of innovation and therefore its potential is underused. What is the perception of open innovation among students and faculty at a private Portuguese university? The technical procedure was based on a survey, and 64 responses were obtained (the population corresponds to 3666 people). It was shown that the theme of open innovation, despite being recognized in the academic world, is still little known in the community. Although Portugal is a country of meager funds for innovation, which should lead to a greater focus on open innovation, this may not be happening due to the lack of trust in strangers that exists culturally in Portugal, and that may be currently hindering open innovation partnerships. Finally, in order to identify possible relationships between gender and perceptions regarding open innovation, we applied the chi-square test of independence (X-2) in relation to gender. This exploratory study verified the existence of gender equality regarding the variables analyzed on open innovation.

Abstract
PurposeThis study aims at validating a scale for the perception of competences and attitudes of the Portuguese public administration employees. The sample of this study consists of 1,119 participants working in public administration and other labour sectors in Portugal. The psychometric qualities of this instrument were studied to assess its use in future studies. Design/methodology/approachAn initial exploratory factor analysis showed that the scale is composed of one factor, with a Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin value of 0.83. The subsequent confirmatory factor analysis performed in AMOS 27 confirmed the existence of a single factor. FindingsThe analysis of the psychometric qualities of the scale allows concluding that it can be applied in the context of the Portuguese public administration. Originality/valueGiven the universality of the competences and attitudes adopted, it can be extended to other work and cultural contexts.

Abstract

Abstract
We consider a nondurable good monopolist that collects data on its customers in order to profile them and subsequently practice price discrimination on returning cus-tomers. The monopolist's price discrimination scheme is leaky in the sense that an endogenous fraction of consumers choose to incur a privacy cost to conceal their identity when they return in the following periods. We characterize the Markov perfect equili-brium of the game under two alternative customer profiling regimes: full information acquisition (FIA) and purchase history information (PHI). In both cases, we find that, contrary to what could be expected, the monopolist's aggregate profit is not monotoni-cally increasing in the level of the privacy cost, but a U-shaped function of it, leading to ambiguous profit effects: a reduction in privacy costs increases the fraction of customers who choose to be anonymous (detrimental profit effect), but it also softens the firm's introductory price, reducing the pace at which prices targeted to new customers fall over time (positive profit effect). When comparing results under FIA and PHI, we find that market expansion is faster, and more customers conceal their identity under FIA than under PHI. Equilibrium profits are also higher in the FIA case. Although equili-brium profits are U-shaped functions of the privacy cost in both profiling regimes, they tend to be globally decreasing with the privacy cost under PHI and globally increasing under FIA.

Abstract
Leadership styles and human capital are important drivers of innovation processes. The way the leader interacts with the organization members can pre-empt or leverage innovation processes as leaders influence, empower and motivate other individuals in the achievement of their goals. Human capital is an important driver of innovation and competitiveness, as it will shape the uniqueness of the company as well as the process to obtain skills, capabilities, knowledge and expertise. As such, the main objectives of the paper are to analyze the impact of leadership styles on the innovation process and also to address the moderation effect of the human capital on the previous relation. Four leadership styles-autocratic, transactional, democratic, and transformational-were considered to measure their impacts on the innovation process, considering the alternative types of innovations. The 2018 Community Innovation Survey (CIS) database was used, encompassing Portuguese data, covering the 2016-2018 period, with a sample of 13702 firms. In regard to the empirical part, first, an exploratory analysis was run to better understand the connection between the leadership styles and the innovative strategies followed by an econometric estimation encompassing 28 logit models to disentangle the specific impacts of each leader on each innovation type. Evidence proves that autocratic and transactional leadership styles have a negative impact on innovation and transformational and democratic leadership impact innovation positively. Furthermore, human capital was found to moderate the relationship between leadership styles and the innovation process; i.e., under the same leadership style, the presence of additional skills leverages innovative propensity. The paper brings relevant insights for both managers and policymakers, highlighting that innovation will be accelerated if firms implement more participatory (democratic and transformational) leadership styles and also if they invest in competences to promote knowledge internalization and share. All in all, participatory leadership combined with the internal skills is proved to be an efficient combination for innovation to take place; as such, policy instruments must promote the coexistence of these two factors.