Abstract
Corruption is increasingly placed on top of the agenda of national governments and supra national institutions, such as the OECD, UN or the World Bank. A necessary condition for promoting sustainable economic growth is the pre-existence of a stable political system which is able to control corruption. Corruption, however, is a very complex issue, associated with institutional and cultural specificities, personality traits related to individualistic values, and criminal personalities. In this book the social, political and economic realities that prevail in particular settings are viewed from an interdisciplinary, multidimensional, and a multi country perspective. This book is divided into three parts. The first part presents a comprehensive, theoretical and empirical framework of corruption with an overview of literature on economic growth and corruption. Part two, encompasses the in-depth analysis of several countries, ranging from middle corrupted contexts like Portugal, to highly corrupted countries including Serbia, Russia, Thailand and China- the latter viewed from the perspective of firms from a very low corruption country such as Finland. The final part explores the prevention and control of corruption, looking at the public sector in Thailand and fighting corruption with different strategies. This volume is of the interest of those who study international economics, development economics or organised crime.

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Abstract
O objetivo do estudo é verificar e compreender a relação entre o desenvolvimento motor da criança e suas características empreendedoras. A relevância do estudo resulta do carácter inovador devido à escassez de trabalhos científicos que relacionam, em crianças, o desenvolvimento motor e o empreendedorismo. Não será relevante compreender como ocorre o desenvolvimento de competências empreendedoras nas crianças e como promovê-las? Será possível, a longo prazo, melhorar a qualidade de vida dos cidadãos evitando comportamentos sedentários adquiridos na infância, bem como promover a autonomia e responsabilidade perante uma sociedade que se tornará mais sustentável do ponto de vista social, económica e financeira.;The aim of the study is to assess and understand the relationship between the child's motor development and their entrepreneurial characteristics. The relevance of the study results from the innovative character due to lack of scientific papers that associate motor development and entrepreneurship in children. Won't it be relevant to understand how the development of entrepreneurial skills occur in children and how to promote them? lf students with better motor development would present a greater number of entrepreneurial characteristics, it will be possible to describe indicators that show the importance of stimulating the motor and entrepreneurial skills at early ages and that will contribute to rethink the education of children and consequently the teacher training. lt will be possible, improve the quality of life avoiding sedentary behaviors acquired in childhood, as well as promoting autonomy and responsibility to a society that will become more sustainable in social, economic and financial point of view.

Abstract
The emergence of the so-called “European Paradox” shows that increasing Governmental R&D Investment is far from being a ‘panacea’ for stagnant growth. It is worth noting that Governmental R&D Investment does not have a statistically significant impact on employment, indicating the need to assess the trade-offs of policies that could lead to significant increases in government expenditure. Surprisingly, Governmental R&D Employment does not contribute to ‘mass-market’ employment, despite its quite important role in reducing Youth-Unemployment. Despite the negative side-effects of Governmental R&D Employment on both GVA and GDP, University R&D Employment appears to have a quite important role in reducing Unemployment, especially Youth-Unemployment, while it also does not have a downside in terms of economic growth. Technological Capacity enhancement is the most effective instrument for reducing Unemployment and is a policy without any downside regarding sustainable economic development. © Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Facultad de Economía y Negocios.

Abstract
The emergence of the so-called "European Paradox" shows that increasing Governmental R&D Investment is far from being a 'panacea' for stagnant growth. Surprisingly, Governmental R&D Employment does not contribute to 'mass-market' employment, despite its important role in reducing Youth-Unemployment. Despite the negative side-effect of Governmental R&D Employment on economic growth, University R&D Employment appears to have a quite important role in reducing Unemployment, especially Youth-Unemployment, while it also does not have a downside in terms of economic growth. Technological Capacity enhancement is the most effective instrument for reducing Youth-Unemployment and is a policy with a quite robust effect regarding sustainable economic development.

Abstract
Internal marketing at the European Union (EU) level needs to involve training and motivating the younger generation to want to be a part of something bigger than themselves and than their nations. It should involve the creation of a unified and identifiable European culture - knowing that culture, along with leadership, continues to be one of "the least understood topics in the social sciences" (Chhokar et al., 2008, p. 1). Schein (1992, p. 5) wrote that "leaders create and change cultures" and so, in this respect, the EU needs to act much as a company does, preparing its "staff" [EU members], in particular the future generation, to work together towards a common goal - towards a more competitive Europe, with improved quality of life. Too little is being done though, we argue, and indeed our study shows. One important internal EU marketing initiative is the Euroscola day whose objective is to "allow thousands of young Europeans to be in the shoes of Members of European Parliament for a day!" (EU, 2014). In March 2015, 24 Portuguese students, in the 11th and 12th grades at high school and all studying in Porto, went to the Euroscola day. Divided into large groups in Strasbourg, they did an ice-breaker activity to bring the various youths of different nationalities closer together and then discussed a number of important political issues which were subsequently discussed and voted on in the "European Parliament" where hundreds of other students in the same age group were gathered and seated in the hemicycle, having come from their nations to participate. Cooperation across cultures is a main focus and this EU internal marketing activity is fully EU-funded. Eight students of the aforementioned Portuguese contingent were approached for their views on the event (one of the group leaders was interviewed and seven others answered a qualitative survey, with the same questions as the interview). The results show that the students appreciated, learned from, and enjoyed the Euroscola day and indeed are willing to be EU ambassadors, as was suggested and asked of them at the event. However, on the other hand, the students are not aware of any other EU internal marketing activities being performed and so not enough is being done to create a unified culture with EU citizens becoming more cohesive as time goes by. This article discusses what other pro-EU educational activity could take place for the younger generation, discussing also the different views of Portuguese, British, and German citizen interviewees (in 33 individual interviews) concerning the future of the EU in itself. EU marketing needs to go beyond the electoral act and time frame and it needs to forge a future where EU citizens will want to cooperate with each other - and this will inevitably involve a new approach to educating our youths. "What must be common. such that they may be ruled through the same institutions?" (White, 2011, p. 1).