Abstract
This work seeks to understand and characterise the innovative profile of Portuguese SMEs within the context of open innovation. The analysis draws on interviews conducted with the business associations and technological centres in the moulds, footwear and automotive industries in Portugal. The study conducted here follows an exploratory approach. This study suggests that while open innovation is relatively widespread in its adoption of external knowledge, technology transfer outside the business is less commonplace. The innovation partners are varied, chosen based on competence and experience as well as their networking ability. Copyright © 2015 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Abstract
This article carries out an integrative analysis of internationalisation theories. The most important contributions to the literature on internationalisation theories are used to create a schematic table giving a framework overview. This approach shows the high-level interaction of the literature, covering all internationalisation theories, their focus and basic assumptions, while at the same time showing their historical timeline. We identify the main schools of thought - ranging from economics based to integrative models - using an analysis that begins in the 18th century and ends in the 21st century with the most recent trends in internationalisation theories. This schematic and integrative analysis aims to support the academic community in their research on business internationalisation. Copyright © 2015 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Abstract
In the electricity spot market the various competitive levels, as well as their subsequent changes in the market equilibrium, are justified by the simultaneous quantity game between electricity generators. It is expected that the dominant market players employ differentiated strategic behaviours, thus, permitting the quantification of such differentiated effects on the use of market power. The various competitive levels, as well as their subsequent changes in the market equilibrium, are justified by the simultaneous quantity game. The results show that the quantities purchased in the spot market for sale in open market influence prices, i.e., when there is an imbalance in the estimated long-term relationship, prices themselves move in order to recover the state of equilibrium, which reveals that, in the long-term, the OMEL Price is weakly exogenous to the cointegration vector, whereas quantities purchased for sale in open market move towards the reestablishment of the long-term equilibrium.

Abstract
The main objective of this chapter is to define a set of strategic lines, from the public policy point of view, so that Portuguese suppliers of the auto industry can deploy a strategic alignment throughout the supply chain in order to position themselves as potential suppliers of the global sourcing strategy of their Iberian Peninsula clients. The characterization of the auto industry in Portugal and Spain is undertaken, framing the perspective of this industry and proposing the strategic guidelines for the Portuguese auto components industry to supply the Iberian market. The study supports a synergistic strategy between the Portuguese auto components industry and the Spanish automotive industry in order to increase the Portuguese incorporation in downstream activities of the supply chain. Portuguese auto components suppliers should adopt international relational strategies throughout the value chain in order to source their Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) clients and to reinforce their position as global suppliers. The strategy involves the consolidation of the Portuguese automotive cluster as global suppliers through specialization.

Abstract
The main purpose of this chapter is to develop an exploratory proposal for identifying innovative suppliers, creating knowledge in an area not very deeply explored. Based on a literature revision based on the innovative supplier identification and management, the study suggests that innovative suppliers are highly specialized and technically competent companies, located nearby their customers and take part on their client's improvement program. Based on the literature revision, a framework analyzing Client-Supplier relationships throughout the supply chain is proposed. The framework uses the strategic alignment concept between clients and suppliers. Finally, 61 questions were developed to identify the innovative suppliers.

Abstract
The objective of this work is to identify the relevant factors that have influenced the changes in the level of CO2 emissions among four groups (eastern, western, northern and southern) of European countries. Our results show that CO2 emissions are correlated with the energy consumption of the economy for the group of countries under analysis, which is determined by the change of population among the various countries. Similarly, renewable energy consumption is also determined by the size and structure of the countries, as reflected by the value added to the economy. When comparing the results of the post-Kyoto period to the previous period for the four groups of European countries, one concludes that there are clear improvements in the reductions of emissions. This resulted primarily from changes to the energy mix, switching to cleaner fuels for end-user energy production (a volte-face in the behaviour of the energy mix effect), while the changes in the factors driving emissions resulted from a reduction in the usage of fossil fuels for producing energy. In general, the relative contributions of these two factors show the importance of the impact of changing the structure of the mix for producing energy, with a view to complying with the targets for reductions in CO2 emissions, reflecting the value placed on the significant impact assigned to emissions levels.