Abstract
The Digital Twin is one of the enabling technologies of Industry 4.0, Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Factories. In this context, Digital Twins can be developed for being employed through the entire lifecycle of a system, for design, operation, monitoring, maintenance, and even fault prediction and reconfiguration. This paper describes the development of a Digital Twin for a Quality Control cell that is part of a larger manufacturing process in the automotive industry. The virtual environment was built using ABB RobotStudio, the communication between devices in the cell was implemented with OPC UA (UA. NET and open62541), and the process data are registered in a database using MySQL. The results show a fully functional simulation of the cell's behaviour and future development will include the connection of the Digital Twin with the real system. © 2023 IEEE.

Abstract
The shotcrete process has been extensively used for many years in different civil and mining operations. Nevertheless, it is still either applied by an operator which controls the shotcrete nozzle manually or through a remote control. In either case, the operation is entirely controlled by the operator. Automating the shotcrete process involves developments in different parts of the process, such as the tunnel scanning for 3D model generation and the shotcrete path automatic generation and execution. This paper describes the work developed for this last part, namely the automatic generation and execution of a shotcrete path, given the mesh of a tunnel and a set of input parameters, for application in railway tunnels. The developed path also considers specificities of the concrete projection process, such as the uncontrolled flow variation due to the pumping systems, generating a trajectory that aims at minimizing this effect. Results are shown using a realistic simulator and an uneven railway tunnel, using an industrial robot mounted on a railway wagon.

Abstract
This paper describes the relevant research activities that are being carried out on the development of a novel shotcrete technology capable of applying, autonomously and in real time, fibre reinforced shotcrete (FRS) with tailored properties regarding the optimum structural strengthening of railway tunnels (RT). This technique allows to apply fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) of strain softening (SSFRC) and strain hardening (SHFRC) according to a multi -level advanced numerical simulation that considers the relevant nonlinear features of these FRC, as well as their interaction with the surrounding soil, for an intended strengthening performance of the RT. Building information modelling (BIM) is used for assisting on the development of data files of the involved design software, integrating geometric assessment of a RT, damages from inspection and diagnosis, and the characteristics of the FRS strengthening solution. A dedicated computational tool was developed to design FRC with target properties. The preliminary experimental results on the evaluation of the relevant mechanical properties of the FRS are presented and discussed, as well as the experimental tests on the bond between FRS and current substrates found in RT. Representative numerical simulations were performed to demonstrate the structural performance of the proposed FRS -based strengthening technique. Computational tools capable of assuring, in real time, the aimed thickness of the layers forming the FRS strengthening shell were also developed. The first generation of a mechanical device for controlling the amount of fibres to be added, in real time, to the FRS mixture was conceived, built and tested. A mechanism is also being developed to improve the fibre distribution during its introduction through the mechanical device to avoid fibre balling. This work describes the relevant achievements already attained, as introduces the planned future initiatives in the scope of this project.