Gaspar Rego

Abstract
We demonstrated the possibility to inscribe long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) in a B/Ge codoped fiber by using grating periods shorter than 150 mu m. We also have arc-induced in the SMF 28 fiber an LPFG in the dispersion turning points by using a grating period of 197 mu m. In previous works, the shortest periods were, respectively, of the order of 190 and 320 mu m for the same fibers. To achieve such a considerable reduction in the grating periods which enables access to the higher order cladding modes (higher sensitivity), we have developed a high-voltage power supply that allows for a constant and stable electric current ranging from 10.5 up to 21 mA. Computer simulations were used to identify the cladding mode resonances for each grating inscribed in the different fibers. The fabricated LPFGs were characterized as a function of the external refractive index from 1.33 up to 1.42, and an average refractive index sensitivity of -720 nm/RIU in the 1.33-1.41 range was obtained for a 192-mu m LPFG without further optimization, such as the use of etching or thin films deposition.

Abstract
Long period fiber gratings produced by the electric arc technique have found an increasing interest by the scientific community due to their ease to fabricate, virtually enabling the inscription in any kind of fiber, low cost, and flexibility. In 2005 we have presented the first review on this subject. Since then, important achievements have been reached such as the identification of the mechanisms responsible for gratings formation, the type of symmetry, the conditions to increase fabrication reproducibility, and their inscription in the turning points with grating periods below 200 mu m. Several interesting applications in the sensing area, including those sensors working in reflection, have been demonstrated and others are expected, namely, related to the monitoring of extreme temperatures, cryogenic and high temperatures, and high sensitivity refractometric sensors resulting from combining arc-induced gratings in the turning points and the deposition of thin films in the transition region. Therefore, due to its pertinence, in this paper we review the main achievements obtained concerning arc-induced long period fiber gratings, with special focus on the past ten years.

Abstract
A reflection configuration setup for long-period fiber gratings is presented. It permits to obtain a unique band with attenuation double than that obtained in transmission configuration, which is interesting for applications where this value is reduced (e.g., the mode transition phenomenon). The method is based on the deposition of a silver mirror at the end of the optical fiber, which permits to absorb the power transmitted through cladding modes and to avoid the generation of interferometric bands. The method also solves the requirement of a precise cleave or to polish the end of the grating, a drawback present in other publications. The versatility of the setup has been proved by application of the cladding etching technique until the attenuation band corresponding with the first guided mode in the cladding is visualized in an optical spectrum analyzer. The experimental results are supported by the numerical data obtained with a method based on the exact calculation of core and cladding modes and the utilization of coupled mode theory. © 1989-2012 IEEE.

Abstract
We demonstrated the inscription of arc-induced long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) in the B/Ge co-doped fiber and in the SMF28 fiber by using grating periods shorter than 150 mu m and 200 mu m, respectively. This achievement was a result of the development of a high voltage power supply that allows for a constant and stable electric current ranging from 10.5 mA up to 21 mA. The fabricated LPFGs were characterized as a function of the external refractive index from 1.333 up to 1.420 and a refractive index sensitivity of the order of 1000 nm/RIU was obtained without further optimization.

Abstract
In this study, we investigated the temperature behavior of phase-shifted long-period fiber gratings (PS-LPFGs) inscribed in two types of optical fiber: B/Ge and SMF28. The experiments were carried out from 5 to 305 K using a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer. The average temperature sensitivity obtained of -0.43 nm/K for PS-LPFGs inscribed in the B/Ge fiber is one order of magnitude larger than for PS-LPFGs inscribed in the SMF28 fiber, in the 60-240 K range. Values ranging from -0.08 nm/K up to 0.2 nm/K were obtained in the 5-35 K temperature range, which are considerably better than previous results achieved for metal-coated FBGs and also for LPFGs inscribed in a similar B/Ge codoped fiber. Nevertheless, further work is required in order to correctly address sensor reliability.