Abstract
The aim of this article is to give at least a partial answer to the question made in the title. Several works analyze the evolution of the corruption in different societies. Most of such papers show the necessity of several controls displayed by a central authority to deter the expansion of the corruption. However there is not much literature that addresses the issue of who controls the controller. This article aims to approach an answer to this question. Indeed, as it is well known, in democratic societies an important role should be played by citizens. We show that politically active citizens can prevent the spread of corruption. More precisely, we introduce a game between government and officials where both can choose between a corrupt or honest behavior. Citizens have a political influence that results in the prospects of a corrupt and a non-corrupt government be re-elected or not. This results in an index of intolerance to corruption. We build an evolutionary version of the game by means of the replicator dynamics and we analyze and fully characterize the possible trajectories of the system according to the index of intolerance to corruption and other relevant quantities of the model.

Abstract
The use of games in Education can encourage/demand students to apply deeper levels of knowledge and competences in solving problems - even if these are simulated or of controlled difficulty level - requiring more than the simple memorization and repetition expressed in tests. Game based approaches have a considerable potential in stimulating critical and strategic thinking that is highly compatible with Bologna's competency model and also make it possible to make learning a more collaborative social activity, which is crucial in the XXI century. The pedagogical team of the course in Human Resources Management of the Integrated Masters in Industrial Engineering and Management developed a gamification model based on a literature review and a reflection in order to support the development of competences, strategies and frameworks in the area of Social Sciences that typically these students somewhat resisted. This paper presents the rationale, system, platform and strategies as well as the main reflections this experiment sparked in students and professors. We believe this work can contribute to the development of game centred approaches in higher education, providing thinking points and insights for other researchers and lecturers.

Abstract
ObjectiveThe capacity of hair to absorb water causes changes in its physical and cosmetic properties under different environmental conditions. Hence, the control of hair volume in variable relative humidity settings is an important topic in cosmetics. The behaviour of two types of hair, Caucasian and Asian, was studied regarding their volume change in different relative humidity conditions. The ability of a peptide as a hair volume treatment was evaluated in two climate control formulations. MethodsTresses of the two types of hair were tested in two relative humidity (RH) conditions: (A) variable relative humidity (2h 40% RH, followed by 2h 90% RH and 2h of 40% RH), and (B) continuous high relative humidity (90% RH for 6h). Changes in the hair tress volume were assessed throughout time. Hair treated with two climate control formulations, with and without a peptide (KP peptide), were tested under the two relative humidity conditions. ResultsCaucasian hair had a higher change in volume compared to the Asian hair in variable and high relative humidity conditions. The hair volume increase when subject to high air humidity, and it was lower with the incorporation of a peptide into climate control formulations. ConclusionCaucasian hair showed higher volume than Asian hair when submitted to both relative humidity conditions. The incorporation of the peptide into the climate control formulations, a base (mostly composed of water approximate to 94%) and an ethanolic, was found to reduce the volume of Caucasian hair tresses. The presence of the peptide improved the hair volume change more than 60% in high relative humidity conditions.

Abstract
The IEC 61499 standard provides means to specify distributed control systems in terms of function blocks. For the deployment, each device may hold one or many logical resources, each consisting of a function block network with service interface blocks at the edges. The execution model is event driven (asynchronous), where triggering events may be associated with data (and seen as messages). In this paper, we propose a low-complexity implementation technique allowing to assess end-to-end response times of event chains spanning over a set of networked devices. Based on a translation of IEC 61499 to RTFM1-tasks and resources, the response time for each task in the system at the device-level can be derived using established scheduling techniques. In this paper, we develop a holistic method to provide safe end-to-end response times taking both intra and interdevice delivery delays into account. The novelty of our approach is the accuracy of the system scheduling overhead characterization. While the device-level (RTFM) scheduling overhead was discussed in previous works, the network-level scheduling overhead for switched Ethernets is discussed in this paper. The approach is generally applicable to a wide range of commercial off-the-shelf Ethernet switches without a need for expensive custom solutions to provide hard real-time performance. A behavior characterization of the utilized switch determines the guaranteed response times. As a use case, we study the implementation onto (single-core) Advanced RISC Machine (ARM)-cortex-based devices communicating over a switched Ethernet network. For the analysis, we define a generic switch model and an experimental setup allowing us to study the impact of network topology as well as 802.1Q quality of service in a mixed critical setting. Our results indicate that safe sub millisecond end-to-end response times can be obtained using the proposed approach.

Abstract
A cost-effective, accurate, and robust leak detection method is essential in gas network management in order to reduce inspection time and to increase reliability in the system. This work presents a model-based leakage detection method; the gas dynamics are described by a linearized system of partial differential equations that is further reduced to a one-dimensional spatial model. By using an electrical analogy, a pipeline can be represented by a two-port network, where mass flow behaves like current and pressure like voltage. Four transfer function quadripole models are then established to describe the gas pipeline dynamics, depending on the variables of interest at the pipeline boundaries. A leak detection method is devised by employing mass flow data at boundaries and pressure data at some point of the pipeline, as well as by assessing the effects of the leakage on the pressure and mass flow along the pipeline. A case study has been built from operational data supplied by REN Gasodutos (the Portuguese gas company) to show the advantages of the proposed models. © Springer International Publishing AG 2017.

Abstract
Nowadays, there is a wide consensus about integrating more renewable energy sources-RESs to solve a multitude of global concerns such as meeting an increasing demand for electricity, reducing energy security and heavy dependence on fossil fuels for energy production, and reducing the overall carbon footprint of power production. Framed in this context, the coordination of RES integration with energy storage systems (ESSs), along with the network's switching capability and/or reinforcement, is expected to significantly improve system flexibility, thereby increasing the capability of the system in accommodating large-scale RES power. Hence, this paper presents a novel mechanism to quantify the impacts of network switching and/or reinforcement as well as deployment of ESSs on the level of renewable power integrated in the system. To carry out this analysis, a dynamic and multi-objective stochastic mixed integer linear programming (S-MILP) model is developed, which jointly takes the optimal deployment of RES-based DGs and ESSs into account in coordination with distribution network reinforcement and/or reconfiguration. The IEEE 119-bus test system is used as a case study. Numerical results clearly show the capability of ESS deployment in dramatically increasing the level of renewable DGs integrated in the system. Although case-dependent, the impact of network reconfiguration on RES power integration is not significant.