Abstract
This paper describes technical solutions to be adopted by Electric Vehicles (EV) battery grid interfaces, in order to get the provision of ancillary services to the grid. The developed solution exploits an EV battery charge control approach based in a grid cooperative response to frequency and/or voltage deviations. To be effective, those cooperative actions must result from both centralized/coordinated commands and local/individual EV charger response to the grid behaviour. In a scenario characterized by a massive deployment of EV, the adoption of such a solution allows an improvement on the power system dynamic behaviour, namely in small island grids. ©2010 IEEE.

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a dynamic behaviour analysis study developed with the objective of quantifying the amount of wind power that can he safely, integrated in an isolated electricity grid where Electric Vehicles (EVs) are present. The assessment was performed considering two distinct situations: a) when EVs are only, in charging mode and b) when EVs participate in primary frequency, control. The test system, a small island, contains, in addition to wind generation, a small amount of solar PV plants and four conventional diesel generators. Only wind power influence in system's frequency, was assessed since, from a dynamic perspective, this is the renewable resource whose high intermittency level might be more harmful for the electric system operation. Sudden wind variations were simulated and, for both situations, a) and b), the amount of Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources was maximized, keeping always the grid frequency, within the limits defined by: the power quality standards.

Abstract
In this paper a typical electricity distribution network for a residential area in Portugal is used in order to assess the impact of integrating different levels of pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles in the grid and in pollutants emissions. First, the amount of vehicles that can be safely accommodated in the grid will be determined. Second, changes in pollutants emissions will be evaluated, by applying a vehicle full life cycle analysis.

Abstract
This paper describes a statistical approach developed for assessing the impacts resulting from EV presence in a given electricity network was developed. The algorithm, developed for this purpose, is based on a Monte Carlo method and can be seen as a planning tool that allows obtaining average values for several system indexes, like buses voltages, branches loading and energy losses. Additionally, it also allows identifying the most critical operation scenarios and the network components that are subjected to more demanding conditions and that might need to be upgraded. The example of a small grid from one of the Azores islands, Flores Island, was used for illustration purposes and two scenarios of EV integration were considered: 25% and 50% of the current light vehicles fleet replaced by EV. ©2010 IEEE.

Abstract
From the studies developed so far, it is a general consensus that Electric Vehicles (EV), when properly managed, can provide many benefits to the grid operation. In the power systems of islands the potential benefits may be even larger. The case of S. Miguel Island, in the Azorean archipelago, may be one of such cases. This island achieves typically an annual peak power of 75 MW and a valley slightly higher than 30 MW. Currently, around 75% of its installed capacity is formed by fuel units, 22% by geothermal units and the rest by small hydro units. Yet, there are numerous unexplored endogenous resources in this place, especially geothermal and wind power, which cannot be used due to technical restrictions. Geothermal is limited by the valley load as the involved technology is not suited for load following, even with very small ramp rates. Wind power requires sufficient conventional spinning reserve to be safely integrated due to the variability of the wind resource. High EV integration, with an adequate charging management, would then increase base load allowing further geothermal and a reduced need for conventional spinning reserves. This paper evaluates the benefits of the presence of EV as controllable loads performing frequency control in a scenario with abundant wind resource availability, where a sudden loss of wind power production over a short period of time occurs. Ultimately, this work will show that S. Miguel power system would benefit from the presence of EV. A comparison with the conventional approach considering EV as regular loads will also be performed for benchmarking purposes.

Abstract
The massive interconnection of offshore Wind Farms (WF) brings challenges for the operation of electric grids. The predicted amount of offshore wind power will lead to a smaller ratio of conventional units operating in the system. Thus, the power system will have less capability to provide fast dynamic regulation. Despite of offshore WF being able to inject power on the AC grid through High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) convertors, they cannot participate on frequency support by the intrinsic decoupling that DC adoption brings. This paper proposes a control methodology, based on local controllers, to enable the participation of offshore WF in primary frequency control. Additionally, enhancements were made on the Wind Energy Converters (WEC) controller to make them capable of emulating inertial behaviour. Tests were performed in a multi-terminal DC network with two off shore wind farms to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the concept in a communication-free framework.